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剖析日本军国主义的产生:好战特性从何而来?

2017-06-29 09:43:34   解放军报

为适应侵略战争需要,日本统治者利用日本家国同构、忠孝尊皇的民族传统对本国人民进行洗脑。从明治政府成立到1877年,日本确立和巩固了以天皇为中心的中央集权政府,天皇制集中体现了日本浓厚的封建制度文化。日本统治者提出日本是皇国,皇国就是神国,神国就应该统治全世界,这是上天赋予的使命,并把这些思想灌输给日本国民,从意识形态上催生和强化了军事封建帝国主义。日本政府宣称:爱国与忠君同源、与敬神崇祖一致。在此种道德标准下,凡是“为国捐躯”者,都被奉为“忠君爱国”的典范。明治宪法规定:天皇不但是国家元首,而且是主权所在。就这样,崇拜天皇思想深深铭刻在日本国民的灵魂之中,是一种宗教性的观念意识。基于上述意识形态提出的“皇国至上,天皇极尊,四海万国皆为臣仆”的对外侵略口号,把日本民族引向对外侵略扩张的罪恶之路、毁灭之路。

(四)

通过对外武力扩张和战争掠夺来实现国家发展目标,是日本进入近代社会的显著特征。通过长期预谋和精心备战,日本在一次次对外侵略扩张的道路上不断收获着“战争红利”,这反过来进一步刺激了其争霸世界的野心。

日本近现代发展史,实质上就是一部日本军国主义的殖民扩张史。明治政权1868年一成立就提出了“征韩论”;1874年借端出兵台湾;1875年炮击朝鲜江华岛炮台。其后至第二次世界大战前,日本又进行了三次大的武力扩张:1894年发动甲午战争,1904-1905年进行日俄战争,参加1914年开始的第一次世界大战。仅明治天皇在位的44年间,平均每7年多就发动一次侵略战争。日本从一次次侵略战争中尝到甜头。通过甲午战争,日本获得了第一块海外殖民地台湾,并从中国索取到相当于日本当时年财政收入4倍的巨额赔款,为日本近代工业、教育、基础设施建设掘到了第一桶金,军力得到倍增。通过日俄战争,迫使俄承认其独占朝鲜半岛,并与俄瓜分中国东北,取得南库页岛。通过参加“一战”,日本取得了德国在中国的利益。这些侵略战争,推动日本迅猛发展与社会转型,经济上由农业国转变为工业国,由债务国转变为债权国,而且上升为世界五大海军强国之一。

得益于当时特殊的国际条件,日本对外侵略,屡屡冒险却大多能够轻易得手,从对外武力扩张中不断受益。这反过来刺激了日本军国主义分子的野心,使之更加信奉以攻为守、武力征服世界的战略。早在日俄战争后,日本统治集团的代表人物、日本陆军的创始人山县有朋就毫不隐讳地总结说:“维新大业成就以来已有40余年,细想起来国运的发达主要依靠武备的力量”“战争毕竟是区分宇宙间一大原则即优胜劣汰的惟一审判方法”。20多年后,日本陆军更是直截了当地宣称:“战争是创造之父,文化之母”。1927年,日本根据其“东方会议”精神,出笼了臭名昭著的“田中奏折”,鼓吹“欲征服世界,必先征服支那。欲征服支那,必先征服满蒙”,其征服世界的野心暴露无遗。此后,日本成为第二次世界大战的东方战争策源地,就是沿着这一路子走的。但是,人类社会发展的大逻辑,是多行不义必自毙。当日本沉迷于对外侵略扩张不能自拔时,其遭遇可耻的失败也成为历史的必然。

历史是一面镜子。自明治维新算起,军国主义在日本已经存活了一个多世纪。日本虽然在二次大战中战败,但是战后的日本军国主义罪行并未被彻底清算、军国主义土壤并未被根本铲除。今天的日本军国主义仍然阴魂不散、妄图卷土重来。必须正视的是,日本曾经是世界重要战争策源地,至今不肯为侵略历史道歉并企图翻案,一再突破和平宪法限制,仍有一些人挑战公理正义的底线并顽固迷恋昔日“帝国荣光”。对这样一个国家,国际社会特别是长期深受日本军国主义侵害的中国和许多亚洲国家,不能不深刻铭记历史的教训,不能不高度警惕日本军国主义的复活,决不能让战争的历史悲剧再次重演。

(张瑞敏 作者单位:湖北省中国特色社会主义理论体系中心中南民族大学分中心)

(原标题:剖析日本军国主义的产生:好战特性从何而来?)

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