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剖析日本军国主义的产生:好战特性从何而来?

2017-06-29 09:43:34   解放军报

(二)

日本明治维新试图通过自上而下的变革来达到抵御外辱、富国强兵的目标。在全面学习西方的过程中,日本片面地汲取列强们“弱肉强食”的社会达尔文主义强盗逻辑,从思想与国策上为其崇尚武力好战找到了现实样本。

日本明治维新前后,正是西方资本主义在世界各地的扩张期,与这种扩张相伴随的是西方列强动用坚船利炮所进行的殖民掠夺。日本也曾一度沦为西方列强共同的殖民地。明治维新之后,怀着奋起直追心理的日本政府很快派出大型使节团到欧洲列强那里去“取经”。在德国等列强的“言传身教”下,日本得出片面的结论:即这是一个弱肉强食的世界,只有适者才能生存,只有强者才能不被欺侮,也只有胜者才能有资格与西方列强并驾齐驱,“强权即公理”。从这时候起,日本便确立了“脱亚入欧”、向西方诸列强看齐的发展方向。日本的所谓“脱亚入欧”,不仅包含有成为世界强国一员的强烈意愿,同时也确立了通过复制欧美以武力征服落后国家而发展自身的殖民扩张发展模式。

这一时期东亚地区国家普遍处于落后的封建时代,日本看到有机会和可能走西方殖民国家的发展模式。这种外部环境为以进攻和征服为特征的日本军国主义打开了便利之门。特别是近邻中国国势衰微,正处于清末民初极度动荡之中。“清朝未能充分掌握和使用西欧技术,从而被日本赶上并拉开距离形成落差”。日本军国主义抓住了中国的这个弱点,将侵略的矛头指向中国,趁势屡屡出击。虽然此时日本国力并不强大,但它在英美的卵翼下,打着“脱亚入欧”的旗号,利用列强争夺远东的矛盾和其所占地缘优势,充当英美帝国主义者的“远东哨兵”而从中渔利,同时将步步为营、得寸进尺的渐进扩张政策与孤注一掷、突然袭击的军事冒险政策结合起来并侥幸取胜,从而攫取利益。

(三)

日本国民被统治者以神的民族和天皇的国家为主要内容的皇国史观长期洗脑,对天皇有着畸形的信仰和服从,对“大和民族优越论”有着畸形的狂妄和自负,民族性格中狭隘、狂傲、残暴的一面极易被转化为对外战争的狂热性。

日本自古就是单一民族,海岛国家,各地习惯风俗相近,没有经历过像中国和美国那般的多民族融合过程,也没有遇到过不同民族、不同文明之间如何共存并处的问题。而且,早在古代日本列岛的统一过程中就已逐渐形成了很强的共同体意识。维系这种情感和意识的重要纽带,就是日本的“神道”宗教信仰。在一个家族共同体中,主宰家族命运的主神就是其祖先的灵魂,每一个家族成员都与它血脉相承,都被看作是它的分灵,这个成员死后,他的灵魂又会与祖灵合而为一。与无数个家族共同体并存的最大的命运共同体是邦国,主宰邦国命运的主神则是天皇家的主神。与此相对应,天皇在日本具有神威地位,被视为“国家神道的核心”。

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