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探访流动儿童:受教育条件差 超八成存健康问题

2017-06-06 10:32:32   

“这两件事对我触动特别大,开始关心流动儿童健康问题。”李涛说,他到打工子弟学校调查,问是否做过体检,结果孩子们反问,什么叫体检?

城里孩子定期进行的体检对很多流动儿童来说竟是奢侈品。于是,北京协作者于2007年启动了针对困境流动儿童健康问题的“助康计划”,截至2016年,已为29400名流动儿童提供了免费健康普查。

体检结果显示,80%以上的孩子存在不同程度的健康问题,最严重的是先天性心脏病、肾功能不全,最普遍的是慢性鼻炎、慢性胃炎、角膜炎等。李涛说,许多健康问题与孩子们的生活习惯、卫生习惯直接相关,“这些孩子经常不吃早饭,拿着家长给的钱去买辣条等垃圾食品;他们常常一家人共用一个脸盆,甚至共用一条毛巾,很多孩子因此患上角膜炎”。

在北京蒲公英中学担任班主任的李老师说,很多孩子都是在户籍地参加新农合,报销比较麻烦,生了病只能到小诊所去输液,实在扛不住了才到大医院治疗。

基于升学目的返乡就读的流动儿童,情况也不如预期。相关数据表明,流动和迁徙对学生学习有负面影响,如不同地区课程不同、城乡之间孩子学习和生活习惯不同、回流后家庭结构的变化等原因,导致回流学生既不能在城市升学,也无法在老家取得好成绩。

“夹心层”儿童回流还可能成为社会不安定因素。“他们的处境非常糟糕,是值得社会关注的群体。”宋映泉说,在近两年他参与的一项覆盖近18000名农村寄宿制学校学生的调研中,约20%是回流儿童,这个群体发生校园欺凌事件的比率较高,他们可能被人欺负,也可能成为欺凌者;在学业成绩上,回流儿童更有可能留级,留级比率高达22.8%。

该课题组调查发现,回流对“夹心层”儿童的影响主要体现在睡眠不好、抑郁风险增加、攻击性增加等方面。其中,约40%的人存在睡眠问题,抑郁风险比率高达76%,亟须引起社会各界关注。

让“夹心层”儿童公平享受社会保障

前不久,21世纪教育研究院、社科文献出版社等单位联合发布《中国流动儿童教育发展报告(2016)》(流动儿童蓝皮书),报告提供的数据显示,截至2015年10月1日,全国流动人口总量已达2.47亿,全国每6个人中就有1个属于流动人口,而作为流动人口子女的流动儿童和留守儿童这两个群体总数约1亿人。

相比来说,流动孩子比留守儿童要幸运,因为他们有父母陪伴。然而,在教育、医疗等方面还缺乏应有的社会保障。

针对“夹心层”儿童生存现状,受访专家们建议,相关部门对流动儿童家庭教育需求进行深入调研,科学预测流入地接纳容量,进行前瞻性规划,切实解决流动儿童的入学难题,把打工子弟学校等纳入当地正常的教育管理,多渠道保障流动儿童的受教育权。

采访中,半月谈记者遇到国内一所知名大学某研究所科研项目主任张眉,她和丈夫在北京生活近20年,因为没有北京户口,孩子在幼升小时遇到重重阻碍,无法正常入学。她呼吁国家加快户籍制度改革,让更多孩子不再因户口问题而被挡在门外。

李涛等人认为,不能等问题出现以后才去关注。当前,流动儿童的身体、心理健康问题亟须引起各方重视,未来希望有更多的社会公益组织参与,政府部门能够在医保政策、资金等方面予以更多支持。(文中所涉儿童均为化名)(半月谈记者 袁汝婷 沈洋)

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