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端午节逐渐“瘦身”为粽子节 传统文化应如何传承?

2017-05-27 11:20:39   法制日报

在2015年2月1日起施行《辽宁省非物质文化遗产条例》,将非物质文化遗产的定义更加细化,规定“本条例所称非物质文化遗产,是指各族人民世代相传并视为其文化遗产组成部分的各种传统文化表现形式,以及与传统文化表现形式相关的实物和场所”,将传统文化更加明确于非遗保护的重要地位。

中国社会科学院文化研究中心副主任胡文臻向记者介绍说,2011年以来,包括端午节在内的传统文化或者说非物质文化遗产保护的主要工作由县级人民政府开展。《中华人民共和国非物质文化遗产法》实施以来,全国各个县区反应很快,调查了解,摸清家底,积极申报县级、市级、省级、国家级、世界非物质文化遗产,由此看出速度快、成效大。

  进一步构建合理法律体系

然而,多位受访专家也表示,在新形势下,包括端午节民俗在内的传统文化如何传承下去,仍面临一些问题。

“有关研究者认为我国在传统文化保护方面‘起步晚、速度快、成效大、问题多’,这是我国传统文化保护或者说非物质文化遗产保护中实现传承发展的突出问题。”胡文臻说,在城乡一体化建设中,老城区改造、新农村建设以及区域经济发展招商引资项目建设等区域社会经济文化建设发展中,出现了很多问题,“比如保护措施不到位、属地与单位管理扯皮、项目建设拆迁、环境污染、人为工程破坏等问题,还有的以口传心授、师徒传技等方式进行保护应用时加入功利性和随意性,出现了对传统文化遗产进行随意改变的行为等”。

在很多业内人士看来,地方性法规和单行条例的制定,无疑在一定程度上对指导和规范保护、传承、利用包括端午节在内的传统文化起到极大的推动作用。但是,目前我国传统文化保护的效果仍不乐观,造成这种现状的主要原因之一,就是地方立法未给传统文化传承发展提供良好的制度环境。

“很多传统文化的最大特点是区域性,但针对它的地方立法大多未能做到因地制宜,还存在语言不规范、逻辑不严谨等技术问题,影响了地方立法的实际效率。提高传统文化地方立法的质量已刻不容缓。”在北京从事多年民俗文化研究的媒体人姚健说。

胡文臻认为,必须从基层管理层面解决传统文化的本真性破坏问题,通过研究层面去伪存真,制止出现“伪民俗”现象,坚决禁止改造类工艺旅游和改造中国传统文化器乐的“伪”遗产申报。

“县级人民政府加大文化市场的执法检查工作,配备懂法的执法人员工作已经刻不容缓。随意性和侵权性是基层传统文化保护、非物质文化遗产保护传承中存在的问题。这些问题需要过硬专业知识人员和执法守法工作人员在一线工作中彻底解决。司法机关要受理涉及传统文化、非物质文化遗产案件,要依法对不同形式的侵权改编、模仿、破坏形式等进行处理。同时,司法机关还要坚决制止打击并重罚传统文化保护、非物质文化遗产传承中的造假产品,对问题严重的要追究刑事责任。”胡文臻说,县级人民政府要主动承担起保护中国传统文化的历史责任,坚决制止因“申遗热”带来的突出问题。

在胡文臻看来,现有的这些省(区、市)颁布的地方性法规足够实践应用了,“其他未出台县市可以参照非物质文化遗产法,结合区域实际出台实施细则(意见、办法),研究非遗保护法律法规的完善和保护传承人的权利责任,解决好传承人年龄结构问题、艺术失传问题等,构建合理的法律体系”。

“结合非物质文化遗产法和相关法律关系进行法律知识的普及,将政府、企业、传承人、消费者、购买公共服务者五者之间的法律关系以指导意见的形式制度化,实现包容性,建立具有特色的传统文化产业制度。”胡文臻说。

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