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共享单车行业需要押金专项账户+政府补贴“两条腿”

2017-05-24 08:14:15   国际在线

今年1月12日央行正式发布《关于实施支付机构客户备付金集中存管有关事项的通知》(银办发【2017】10号)规定,支付机构需按一定比例把客户备付金缴存至指定机构专用存款账户,从而进行有效地集中监管,账户资金暂不计息。

而共享单车的押金与第三方支付机构的备付金不是一回事。

实际上,押金是很多行业在服务中的普遍做法,相当于一笔信用保证金。根据1981年版额《民法物权》,对押金有明确的法律界定:押金是一种物权,由于依当事人约定而创设,其实是意定担保物权押金的标的是货币,货币为物的一种特殊形式,押金因交付而转移货币的所有权,受领押金的人享有占有支配的权利。这也就是说,押金不同于抵押,两者最大的区别在于,抵押对抵押物不转移占有,押金不但转移占有,而且还转移作为押金的货币的所有权。

比如,你通过家政中介服务公司找保姆,一般都会被要求交上一个月的押金;再比如找中介租房,也需要给中介交至少一个月房租作为押金。按照法律规定,押金受领人(家政中介、房屋中介、酒店、医院)享有占有支配的权利,也就是说,机构对押金的用途有支配权。

回到共享单车市场上,企业享有对押金的支配权利,对于押金产生的利息收益归属则应是企业所得,而并非需要返还用户。

接下来,如果共享单车企业被要求开设押金专项账户,那么,对这笔资金账户就需要有一个“名分”,规定共享单车企业对这笔资金的使用方向,避免高风险。

盈利模式之辩

目前,从共享单车的商业模式来看,比较一致的做法是通过精准的广告投放来获得营收,那么,如果利用押金专项账户赚钱,恐怕也就是吃一点利息,这些显然都不能成为长久的商业模式,因此,共享单车企业持续盈利方式还需要差异化探索。

另外,笔者认为,对于公共基础设施建设,政府需要做一定的资金投入和支持。摩拜的创始人胡玮玮曾经公开说,失败了就当做公益。不可否认的是,共享单车的出现,从某种程度上确实有公益色彩,如果能享受政府补贴,倒是能够在一定程度上促进该行业的良性循环。

大家是否还记得奥运会期间,在北京曾经有过的数字公共信息亭?当年北京市共建设617台数字公共信息亭,累计投资7000万元。数字公共信息亭是北京市委、市政府批准的2003年和2004年的重要实事工程,并被作为“数字北京”和“数字奥运”的重点示范工程在全市推广。

8年后,也就是2016年3月,考虑到智能手机发展迅速,4G网络已全面覆盖,北京市将逐步拆除公交智慧信息亭,并制订了清理信息亭的三年行动计划,这恰恰是随着时代发展和技术创新,政府在与时俱进、审时度势地改变管理方向,而前期的财政支持和补贴服务并非没有意义,至少在8年前,数字公共信息亭极大的方便了市民的生活。

在“互联网+”的时代,政府监管本就越来越开放,交通部充分肯定了共享单车在便捷短途出行、补充公共交通方式、缓解城市交通。拥堵、构建绿色出行体系等方面发挥了积极作用,在未来的监管规范上,笔者认为,专项账户管理押金需要进一步细化,而对于公共设施的政府补贴也值得尝试。

当科技已深入到生活的方方面面时,如何进行消费者教育,如何搭建诚信体系,如何通过移动互联技术、数据技术去更好地服务生活,这些都需要监管与企业充分沟通、共同努力,让基础设施服务移动互联网化的同时,更加安全、安心,如此才能让我们拥抱未来已来的共享经济时代。(文/方丰)

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