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校园暴力被指趋向规模化 女生施暴多用侮辱方式

2016-08-23 09:25:36   央广网

事实上,我国校园暴力立法也存在“空白”。陕西省律协未成年人权益保护专业委员会副主任王江涛表示,在特别法立法领域,未成年人保护法、反家庭暴力法都旨在解决成年人对未成年人施加暴力的问题,而对未成年人之间实施的暴力、侮辱行为,均没有涉及。

在一般法立法领域,“对暴力侵害、妨害自由等行为的法律惩戒标准过高”。比如,只有造成人体轻伤、非法限制人身自由24小时以上,才分别构成刑法上的故意伤害罪和非法拘禁罪。而对于污辱、诽谤,必须造成严重后果才能构罪,且该罪属于“自诉”范围,必须要当事人自行搜集证据、自行去法院起诉。

校园欺凌上升到刑法的,少之又少,而治安管理处罚法同时规定:已满十四周岁不满十八周岁违反治安管理的,从轻或减轻处罚;不满十四周岁的,不予处罚,但应责令其监护人严加管教。

“‘重’对未成年加害人的保护,‘轻’对未成年受害人的保护”,使现行法律对校园暴力的惩戒缺乏双向保护的平衡,也很难对施暴行为起到震慑作用。

“我国现行法律出于对未成年人的保护,使其在犯罪后常受不到有效处罚,这也导致校园霸凌行为的屡屡发生。”陕西理工大学教育科学学院博士杨川林认为,在校园暴力防治方面,可以借鉴其他国家的一些经验。

“针对校园霸凌行为,英美两国都具备较为健全的法律体系。”以英国为例,有两部主要立法,“恶意通讯法”和“平等法”。美国则有5部法律,涉及中小学校园霸凌行为:“民权法案”“教育修正案”“康复法案”“年龄歧视法案”及“残障人士法案”。

这些立法中,对校园暴力行为与其他行为有着严格的区分和界定。

在英、美两国,通常以下两大类行为并不被视为校园霸凌。一是刑事犯罪行为。以下4种行为不列为霸凌行为,而属于刑事犯罪,它们是“用武器和其他物品严重攻击别人”“明显的偷盗行为”、“伤害身体或者杀害”“性侵害”。

其次,是次霸凌行为。次霸凌行为,是指在激烈游戏和相互戏谑中受伤,不过这些行为并没导致伤害,“它们并不属于校园暴力范畴”。

美国的校园暴力范畴,被列入的法律主体有4个:教育主管部门、学校工作人员、家长、校外机构,美国非常重视“家长”和“校外机构”在校园暴力发生后的法律责任。

早在1999年,英国就规定:家长在校园暴力发生后也负有连带责任。实施霸凌行为的学生遭停学处分时,家长也是责任主体,需要配合学校和有关当局来治理未成年人的行为。法院发布的“教养令”包括个两方面:一、家长要负责对学生的课程辅导;二、家长要配合学校改善学生的行为。

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