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专家:止咳药水成瘾的现状调查

2016-06-27 08:11:14   

3止咳药水成瘾机制

止咳药水成瘾的原因在于其含有的可待因或罂粟壳本质上都属于阿片类镇痛药。如可待因,又称为甲基吗啡,其药理作用与吗啡相似,但作用较弱,同等剂量的磷酸可待因致欣快感作用只当于吗啡的1/8到1/12。

当患者长期大量连续服用这些止咳药水后,其含有的磷酸可待因或罂粟壳即长期连续作用于躯体中的阿片受体,作用于大脑则产生欣快感,作用于肠道则产生便秘等症状,类似于海洛因成瘾。另外,随着服用时间的延长,阿片受体出现相应变化导致患者对此类药物产生耐受,需要逐渐增大剂量才能达到原来的效果。如果患者突然停止服用止咳药水,则会出现阿片类戒断综合症,若剂量较大,戒断症状会非常明显,导致患者非常痛苦,但是重新服用咳药水后,这些症状会很快消失,从而导致患者无法摆脱止咳药水。

当然,一般情况下,止咳药水成瘾的戒断症状没有海洛因成瘾的严重,但由于止咳药水成瘾的多数为青少年,其自制力相对较弱,因而仍无法忍受戒断反应。

另外,除了大量磷酸可待因和罂粟壳作用于大脑中的阿片受体可产生明显欣快感外,一些止咳药水中还含有麻黄碱,它是一种精神活性药品(可以用来制作冰毒),从而加剧了止咳药水的致欣快作用,更易成瘾。

值得指出的是,一般情况下,这些止咳药水中的磷酸可待因或罂粟壳含量并不高,其对咳嗽中枢有明显的抑制作用,故治疗咳嗽时,临床常规剂量镇咳效果确切,但不会成瘾。

4止咳药水成瘾的治疗现状

由于止咳药水成瘾在国内相对而言是一种新型的疾病,目前的综合性医院对其认识尚很少,几乎没有有效的治疗方法。一些家属无奈下到戒毒机构就诊,但戒毒机构一般亦无良策。一般只是让患者停止服用止咳药水,并通过一些辅助用药来减轻戒断症状,但效果欠佳。

需特别指出的是,由于止咳药水在临床用药剂量下不会成瘾,其止咳作用又很确切,因而这些药物并非软性毒品,况且多数成瘾的患者是青少年,多是由于好奇、服用药物不当或者想与朋友打成一片等原因而导致成瘾,他们是受害者,一般也没有危害社会,因而不能把他们当成“吸毒者”来对待。

更重要的是,如果给患儿盖上“吸毒者”的帽子,在社会对吸毒行为的认识仍没有提高到“慢性复发性脑疾病”的今天,这会成为孩子终生的心理阴影,严重影响其健康成长,也会对家属造成很大的精神压力。

但是如果患儿家长自行主张或者迫于无奈自行在家中强行让患儿停止服用止咳药水,由于戒断症状的客观存在和对这个疾病的认知缺乏,不仅会造成患儿躯体的痛苦,而且会造成一些精神心理问题,而后者的治疗则相对困难的多。

因而,我们体会到家属的无助和无奈,最佳的解决之策应该是有高素质的专业人士成立专业的青少年成瘾行为纠正治疗中心,并找到一种确切有效的治疗方法,从躯体和心理两方面着手进行治疗,标本兼治,从而使患者摆脱止咳药水成瘾的行为,健康成长。

责任编辑:周晶晶 CN032
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