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专家:止咳药水成瘾的现状调查

2016-06-27 08:11:14   

止咳药水,即临床用来治疗咳嗽,尤其是干咳的口服药液,本文主要是指含有可待因或罂粟壳成分的止咳药水。因其服用方便,疗效明显,临床上受到广大患者的欢迎。但随着止咳药水的广泛使用,出现了一个未曾意料到的情况-止咳药水滥用成瘾,由于成瘾者多数是青少年,尤其是中学生,因而这一问题已成为一个严重的社会问题。

1止咳药水概述

根据作用于咳嗽反射弧环节的不同,止咳药水分为中枢性和外周性两种。中枢性镇咳药又分为成瘾性和非成瘾性。临床上常用的可待因即是成瘾性中枢镇咳药。如磷酸可待因糖浆,因可待因含量较高(0.5%),有成瘾性,故按麻醉药品管理。而临床上常用的一些含磷酸可待因溶液的止咳药水,因可待因含量较低,临床治疗剂量并没有成瘾性,故未列入麻醉药品管理范畴之中,但若长期、大量、连续服用,也易产生躯体依赖与精神依赖。

常用的含有磷酸可待因成分的止咳药水有:联邦止咳露、小儿联邦止咳露、联邦泰洛其、新泰洛其、小儿联邦泰洛其、菲迪克、可非、可非止咳露、复方磷酸可待因止咳露、珮夫人止咳露、万辉化痰止咳露、复方福尔可定口服溶液(澳特斯小儿止咳露)、奥亭止咳露、欧博士止咳露、博士小儿止咳露、苏菲止咳糖浆、强力止咳露、可愈糖浆等,其中磷酸可待因的含量一般在0.10%左右,如联邦止咳露、菲迪克、佩夫人止咳露中分别为0.10%,0.10%,0.09%。

另外,一些含有罂粟壳的具有止咳作用的中草药糖浆剂如强力枇杷露、麻芩止咳糖浆、清热止咳糖浆等(罂粟壳含量多未注明,但临床用药剂量在安全范围),长期、大量、连续服用,亦可成瘾,因为罂粟壳中含有吗啡、可待因、蒂巴因、那可汀等鸦片中所含有的成分。

2止咳药水成瘾现状

止咳药水滥用成瘾其实并不是一个刚刚涌现出来的问题,上个世纪70~80年代在香港曾经一度流行过,尤其是在青少年中,引起了香港相关部门的重视,通过多种措施的干预,蔓延现象得以遏制,现在已基本受到控制。

在内地,止咳药水滥用成瘾于上个世纪90年代末期开始在广东等地出现,近几年在全国呈现一定程度上的蔓延之势,现在国家有关部门已加强了管理,但由于部门涉及众多,管理有相当难度,此现象难以在短期内消除。迄今为止也无流行病学方面的资料,但是通过新闻媒体的报道可知,此问题在某些地区已成为严重的社会问题。

另外,现在国内不少迪厅等娱乐场所内存在将止咳药水与可乐混合制成所谓的“摇头水”滥用的情况,本质上也属于止咳药水滥用,亦可导致成瘾。

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