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血荒江湖:血贩子招人一年能赚四五十万

2016-04-26 09:40:55   中国经济周刊

一位血站工作人员告诉《中国新闻周刊》,关键还是公民的无偿献血的觉悟不够。卫计委的数据显示,2014年全国无偿献血率为9.5‰,而世界卫生组织指出,人口献血率达到10‰~30‰才能基本满足本国临床用血需求。而在发达国家,这一比例已经达到45.4‰。

2015年印发的《关于进一步加强血液管理工作的意见》提出到2015年,献血率达到每千人口10人次;到2020年,献血率达到每千人口15人次。

尽管2015年的官方数据还未公布,王鸿捷已经有所预料:2015年献血人次比2014年仅增长了21万人次,10‰的目标不可能达到。

“很多人依然觉得缺血是采供血机构的责任,甚至会有人直接说‘你们是干什么吃的’。”王鸿捷觉得很无奈,“人们的献血意识不足。现在的情况是生病的人着急,医疗机构也着急,其他的人反而是旁观者。”

在王鸿捷看来,尽管我国的《献血法》明确界定了,无偿献血是由政府主导,各部门协调,全社会广泛参与的一项工作,但现行的政策体系还没能实现充分引导无偿献血工作成为整个社会的责任。

“必须要设置一定的条件,只有参加了无偿献血的人才可以免费用血,反之则需要出高价。”一位血站负责人向《中国新闻周刊》表示。但接着,他停顿了一下,“这很难,对于血液是否应该无偿,一直争论很大。”

供血机构要应对的质疑显然不止于此。2015年7月份,深圳血站被爆出人均工资福利超过35万元,虽然事后被辟谣,但再次挑起了公众对血液机构的质疑。此间,深圳多家医院出现血荒,手术暂停。

王鸿捷已经记不清多少次被这样质疑了,但他依然会关注这方面的新闻。“事实上,我们一线护士每月的工资仅三千多元。”王鸿捷告诉《中国新闻周刊》,待遇低的直接结果是血液中心每年的人员流动率达到10%,“不停地招聘,不停地培训,不停地流失,很可怕。”

按米下锅

春节一上班,北京医院输血科主任、北京市输血质量控制和改进中心主任宫济武就让工作人员将用血预警发到医院的全部科室:O型血Ⅱ级预警,A型和B型血Ⅲ预警。

和天气预警一样,血液也有一套特有的血源库存预警系统,它是一个储血机构血液库存量的直接反映。这个鲜为人知的系统,直接关系着患者的生命,视各个医院的情况而设定指标。

“在北京医院的血液库存预警方案中,Ⅲ级预警表示预期用血在两个单位以上的择期手术全部停止;Ⅱ级预警代表择期手术中要用到某类型血的病人不能再收,相当于雾霾红色预警。”宫济武告诉《中国新闻周刊》。

这样的措施,使得北京医院平静地度过了血荒期,互助用血只有十多例。“我们每周从血液中心领取的血并不比别的医院多。”宫济武说。

在北京医院输血科里,所有的医护人员都知道,血库里有30个单位的血量,除了宫济武外,科室其他人谁都没有权限动用。这是为了保证急救等用血,“如果遇到孕妇产后大出血,这30个单位可能一下就没了。”输血科的一个工作人员告诉《中国新闻周刊》。

为了保证合理用血,宫济武在科室里专门设置了输血医师职位,负责与临床医生沟通会诊。病人用血该不该输,怎么输,输多少,都需要经过输血医师的同意。每周,他还要将各个病房用血的情况发布出来,包括每个病房的手术量,哪些手术没有按照输血科的指令救人,哪些用血不符合规定。

责任编辑:周晶晶 CN032、柯旺 CN044
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