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医生揭临终体验:不会感觉饥饿 生出异常欢欣感(图)

2016-04-05 09:28:31   新华网

缓和医疗:艰难的临床实践起步

临终关怀理念,主张对患者进行缓和医疗。来自西方的缓和医疗理念,重视临终者支配剩余生命的自由。

缓和医疗译自英文“Palliative care”,起源于1967年,英国的桑德丝博士(Dr. Dame Cicely Saunders)于伦敦成立圣克里斯托弗护理院(St. Christopher’s Hospice),希望结合中世纪收容所照顾病人的人文关怀与现代医学成就,来减轻临终病人与家属所遭遇的痛苦。而随着病人需要不断增长,很快发展成由专科医师、护士以及社工、治疗师、志愿者与神职人员等所组成的专业医疗团队来共同为病人提供身体、心理、社会和灵性的全方位照顾模式。1987年,英国正式将缓和医疗设立为单独的医学专科,诊治患有严重渐进性疾病且存活期有限的病人。

1990年世界卫生组织以三个原则规范缓和医疗:首先,承认死亡是一种正常过程;第二,既不加速也不延缓死亡;第三,提供解除临终痛苦和任何不适的办法。如今,一些发达国家有专门的缓和医疗机构或病房,当患者所罹患的疾病已经无法治愈时,缓和医疗的人性化照顾被视为理所当然的基本人权。

在中国仅有北京等城市少数几家医院成立了正式的缓和病房。更多的缓和医疗临床实践在兴起。例如,北京生前预嘱推广协会、广州十方缘老人心灵呵护中心的志愿者们,在过去癌症病房住院患者服务中,深受患者家属及医护团队的喜爱。

广东省的缓和医疗临床实践也在起步。广东省家庭医生协会U护平台推出的临终护理服务,3月底接下了第一单——中山大学附属第三医院一位ICU住院患者的善终关怀服务。善终关怀过程并没有预想中的顺利。广东省家庭医生协会副秘书长王健妹告诉记者,患者本人和家属,也一直在经历着“是否放弃治疗”的思想挣扎。

72岁的冯老师年轻时是体育健将,却没想到耄耋之年会因肺炎发热、消化道出血住进了重症病房,她身体虚弱,已不能说话。当医院下达病危通知后,冯老师怕连累家人,曾试过自己拔管,有求解脱的倾向。U护临终关怀服务团队评估认为她需要心理疏导。基于冯老师以往念佛,28日,工作人员为她请来了居士进行免费的灵性关怀。第二天,护工杨阿姨告诉记者,冯老师精神好多了。“我看她一直睁着眼,我问昨天来探望的居士姑娘很关心你?她点头,我问他们讲的都理解了吗?她也点头。我说要坚强。她连连点头。她的表情已经去掉一些苦闷,显得平静。居士第一次做人文关怀有了效果。”

吴育雄介绍,“患者从确诊无法治愈的癌症开始,就可以进入临终关怀的范围,不仅仅是身体,还有心灵、社会、灵性的服务,这样癌症病人可以理性看待癌症,平静对待死亡。配合治疗,也许还会收到很好的治疗效果。如果所有的治疗方案都无效,则可以选择姑息治疗,进入临终关怀期。”

“现实中,善终关怀遇到了巨大的阻力。”吴育雄坦言,一是医学治疗理念,医生以延续生命为最高目标,而忽视生命的质量;二是中国医院的逐利机制,使得部分医生罔顾医学伦理,做无谓的抢救,当然这也和我国现阶段医患关系紧张有关,医疗机构害怕承担“见死不救”的责任。三是传统孝道,不了解医学的局限性和生命的有限性,希望积极的治疗可以逆转自然规律。此外被错误的道德观绑架,晚辈在长辈临终期,往往会倾其所有,通过积极的治疗来达到某种道德上的高度。患者家属往往认为不能放弃治疗,否则就是不孝。可是,这种盲目抢救延续生命的行为,却缺少对临终亲人临终期生活品质的提升和生命尊严的提升。

记者了解到,现实中,有临终关怀病区的医院寥寥无几。据广州市十方缘老人心灵呵护中心理事长匡胜利介绍,在广州,仅有番禺市桥医院等少数医院开设了安宁病房区。由于病床流转率等各种因素考虑,三甲医院真正开设临终病区的屈指可数。

广东省精神卫生中心专家林勇强认为,在医院逐利机制下,收不到钱的科室和病区会被边缘化。临终关怀,不用治愈性手段,不用药,无法上昂贵的设备,注定是不赚钱的,很多医院出于成本与收益考虑,并不愿意发展临终关怀病区。这是现实的困难。

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