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医生揭临终体验:不会感觉饥饿 生出异常欢欣感(图)

2016-04-05 09:28:31   新华网

原标题:让临终者“善终”也是守望生命

记者肖思思

“死亡”这词,一直被中国人所避讳,因为它隐藏着不安、不吉利。而死亡,又恰恰是每一个人在婆娑世界的必达终点,只是到达的时间有先有后。

多少人曾私下问过自己,生命的最后一程,究竟愿意选择什么样的方式“谢幕”?现实情况是,数据显示,人一生中医疗保健费用的1/4-1/3用在临终前一至两周的无效治疗。正是因此,树立一个正确的“优死观”,让临终者有尊严地“谢幕”,才显得那么迫切。

死亡教育:面对死亡,我们知之甚少

3月的广州进入雨季,阴雨绵绵。70余岁的卢老先生每天穿梭于医院和家里,子女不在身边,孤单的他感到挣扎、疲惫——老伴经医院诊断为宾斯格旺综合征,正在一家三甲医院的ICU内看护。一方面,医院认定治疗措施对她已经没有太大价值,并下达了病危通知书,他并不希望老伴在ICU内插着管痛苦地离世。何况输营养液加上医疗费用,已经快把卢先生家底掏空。但是另一方面,老卢并不知道,出了医院,虚弱的老伴还能去哪里?心里仍尚存一线侥幸,希望医院能够继续留下老伴,期许着也许还能出现“奇迹”。

这并非是个案。矛盾交织的心理,人困马乏的经历,在很多临终者和临终者家属身上不断上演。

广东省人民医院精神科副主任医师尹平介绍,害怕离开,是临终者普遍的心理。很多患者得知消息后,第一时间会怀疑是否真正进入了临终期。临终患者的心理反应通常包括否认期、愤怒期、协议期、忧郁期、接受期。都不愿意死、希望抓住一切救命稻草。

“然而,这种观念会增加许多无效的医疗。”一位不愿具名的业内专家认为,“有些病人大量的钱是花在癌症晚期,其实有相当一部分是无效医疗。有些病人一定要到北上广大医院排队,到了医院插了很多管,最后死在ICU病房里。”

“什么时候应该努力医治?什么时候应该放弃治疗?”广东省人民医院副主任护师陈淑德认为,身患绝症是否治疗,的确是一个交集着情感、伦理、家庭负担等多重因素的社会问题。根据《中国医学伦理学》数据,一个人一生的医疗保健费用有1/4-1/3用在临终前1至2周的无效治疗上。

中国人忌讳死亡的观念源远流长。“死”,一直被避讳,这个字被幻化为“过世”“长眠”“作古”“圆寂”“归西”等一系列丰富词汇。然而医学并解决不了死亡问题,因为死亡是临床工作的终点;现代心理学也解决不了,因为心理学研究的是活着的各种现象。

死亡教育也一直缺乏。尹平说,主动思考过“死亡到底是什么?”“有死亡的人生意味着什么?”“人都会死,面对死亡的威胁,我们对自己及他人有什么样的责任?”“假如只剩下几天可以活,我们如何面对死亡?”“假如亲人面临死亡,我们如何帮助他们去克服死亡的恐惧?”……关心这些问题的人,寥寥无几。

临终关怀:接受“医学并非万能”是前提

68岁的老郭在广州查出肺癌中偏晚期,由于长期吸烟呼吸功能太弱,他连手术机会都没有,只能接受放化疗和免疫辅助治疗,频繁出入医院。今年1月,熬了近一年,身高1.72米的老郭已经瘦得只剩90斤,力乏声嘶,没食欲且吞咽困难。更折磨老郭的是癌症疼痛,胸痛、颈背痛、上肢痛、神经痛……再加上突然的气促、胸闷窒息,老郭1个月住了3次院,医生说肿瘤造成气管狭窄,转移到胸膜,发生胸积液,控制稳定后,却又建议出院休养。老郭的儿子知道,父亲的生命进入了倒计时,只盼望他少点痛苦,最好能有医护照料。

责任编辑:孙启浩 cn037
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