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华南首例!江西14岁少年在广州移植“猪角膜”后复明

2016-03-09 08:33:16   南方网

生物工程角膜来源于猪

猪角膜要去除免疫原性

2015年4月,国家食品药品监督管理总局批准投入临床应用的“艾欣瞳”,就是由我国科学家自主研发的、全球首个也是唯一完成临床试验的生物工程角膜。“现阶段,该生物工程角膜是不含有上皮细胞、内皮细胞两层附带有细胞活性的角膜层,但对于近一半的角膜盲人而言已经能够起到帮助恢复光明的效果了。”

生物工程角膜研发专家表示,之所以选择猪角膜来做移植角膜也经历了非常漫长的探索过程。专家表示,用动物角膜替代人体捐献的角膜,研究方首先选择了与人类较为相近的猴子做实验,但由于其饲养成本较高、繁殖率低,来源上成了一大难题。通过对猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭、鹅等筛选后,发现猪的角膜参数和人比较接近,其携带的病毒不太容易传染给人类。

相比人的角膜,猪角膜来源丰富,最重要的是它具有和人角膜基质相似的组织结构,应用后角膜的厚度、屈光度保持不变,感觉神经可以长入,能够恢复知觉。而且通过脱细胞方法去除猪角膜的免疫原性,可以降低猪角膜移植的炎症反应和免疫排斥反应。为了保证猪角膜的供应,他们还专门设立了养殖场,同时在猪的品种上也有要求。使用生物技术将猪角膜去细胞去抗原处理后,保留其天然角膜三维立体结构,降低其免疫原性,以防止产生免疫排斥反应。患者移植后,可以逐渐与自己原有的角膜组织整合,从而终身使用。

患者完成移植手术后

需使用1年以上抗排斥药

袁进表示,由于移植角膜体毕竟来自于和人类不同种属的猪,属异种源性移植体,因此其原本附带的细胞体必须通过脱细胞技术完全脱除,只保留基质胶原本身。即便如此,剩下的这部分材质,还需要经过钴60的放射性辐照予以严格消毒。必须确保一些动物源性的疾病(发生于猪的疾病),不会因为移植而感染到人。“使用生物工程角膜也有着严格的适应症,比如患者是患有角膜内皮失代偿或者角膜内皮营养不良引起的角膜溃疡患者,需要全层移植的患者并不适合应用该技术。”

他同时强调,在完成移植手术后,患者需要使用抗排斥的滴眼液一年以上。“这和移植捐献角膜基本上一致,患者在使用捐献角膜后,同样需要使用1年以上的抗排斥药物。”针对性地进行了上述措施后,生物工程角膜的安全性还是有保证的。资料显示,在该角膜前期进行的临床试验显示,接受该生物工程角膜手术中,男性占75例,女性40例,年龄在18~75岁,平均年龄54岁。术后随访复查显示,生物工程角膜清晰透明,与原来正常角膜结构高度融合,使用安全有效,最佳视力达到了1.2。多中心临床数据也显示,角膜移植后的总有效率高达94.44%,愈后的效果也接近人体捐献角膜。

责任编辑:孙启浩 cn037
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