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中国科学家发现吃塑料虫子 能降解所有塑料

2015-11-12 15:56:31   中新网

黄粉虫又叫面包虫,在昆虫分类学上隶属于鞘翅目,拟步行虫科,粉甲虫属(拟步行虫属)。原产北美洲,50年代从前苏联引进中国饲养,黄粉虫被誉为“蛋白质饲料库”。其干品含脂肪30%,含蛋白质高达50%以上,此外还含有磷、钾、铁等多种元素。干燥的黄粉虫幼虫含蛋白质40%左右、蛹含57%、成虫含60%。

在中国国内,黄粉虫实际上类似蚕,人类可以直接食用,炒着吃,也可以用来做饲料,黄粉虫作饲料喂养的蝎子、蜈蚣、蛤蚧、蛇、热带鱼和金鱼,不仅生长快、成活率高,而且抗病力强,繁殖力也大大提高。养殖黄粉虫十分容易,养殖户可用新鲜燕麦、小麦糠、苹果养殖。

惊喜

虫子真的吃掉了塑料

杨军教授的团队从中石化燕山分公司购买了聚苯乙烯塑料原料,这些原料中没有添加剂和催化剂。而α-13C、β-13C标记的聚苯乙烯塑料样品则从美国购买。黄粉虫从北京大兴、河北秦皇岛等昆虫养殖场购买,用谷物饲养,这些虫子位于3-4虫龄(即褪了3-4次皮)。

这些黄粉虫被放置在一个有泡沫塑料块的聚丙烯塑料容器里。实验人员定期测量被黄粉虫吃掉的泡沫塑料块重量,对照组是常规麦麸饲养的黄粉虫,实验中500个黄粉虫以5.8克的泡沫为唯一食物,在控制条件的温室中单独饲养(25±1°C,80±2%湿度,和16:8光/暗周期)。在孵化过程中,死亡的黄粉虫立即去除。

杨军等人在实验中,以泡沫塑料为单一食源喂养黄粉虫幼虫。对比正常饲养(喂食麸皮)和停食的幼虫,结果发现,在16天实验期内,幼虫干重尽管并未如正常饲养的幼虫显著增加(+33.6%),仅小量增加了0.2%(这是由于相比麸皮,泡沫塑料的水含量和营养价值较低),但也未像停食的幼虫干重明显降低(-24.9%),并且对比喂食塑料和麸皮两组的幼虫存活率,并无明显差异。

100只黄粉虫每天可以吃掉34-39毫克的泡沫塑料。在16天的试验期,虫子摄入泡沫塑料中47.7%转化为CO2。而残留(约49.2%)被转化为类似兔粪便的生物降解颗粒被排泄出体外。试验用α-13C或β-13C标记的聚苯乙烯塑料证实其被矿化为碳13标记二氧化碳和脂类。幼虫肠道内聚苯乙烯泡沫停留时间不超过24小时就降解。

用聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料作为唯一食物的幼虫,与那些喂以正常食物(麦麸)的虫子过了1个月后,健康情况一样,最后发育成甲壳成虫。黄粉虫在泡沫上吃出了一个一个洞。通过虫子的肠道后,摄入的泡沫塑料的化学结构和组成发生变化。通过采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、碳13的核磁共振光谱,热重傅里叶变换红外光谱,证实了幼虫肠道中聚苯乙烯长链分子断裂形成虫子代谢产物随着粪便排出。

实验还进一步在幼虫肠道中成功分离出可以利用聚苯乙烯为唯一碳源进行生长的聚苯乙烯降解细菌——微小杆菌YT2(Exiguobacteriumsp.YT2)。该菌株已保存在中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心和国家基因库,是国际上报道的第一株保存在菌种中心的聚苯乙烯降解细菌。

潜力

黄粉虫能吃所有塑料

研究团队给出了黄粉幼虫啮食降解聚苯乙烯机理:第一步,泡沫塑料首先被黄粉幼虫嚼噬成细小碎片并摄入肠道中;第二步,嚼噬作用增加了聚苯乙烯泡沫与微生物和胞外酶的接触面积,所摄食的碎片在肠道微生物所分泌的胞外酶作用下,进一步解聚成小分子产物;第三步,这些小分子产物在多种酶菌和黄粉幼虫自身酶的作用下,进一步降解并同化形成幼虫自身组织;第四步残留的泡沫碎片与部分降解中间产物,混合部分肠道微生物,以虫粪的形态排泄出体内,在虫粪中泡沫塑料可能还会进一步继续降解。

“黄粉虫可以消化最难降解的聚苯乙烯塑料,其他相对容易降解的塑料,理论上黄粉虫同样可以消化。”杨军教授告诉羊城晚报记者,他介绍,目前国内已有厂商在考虑用人工培育黄粉虫或蜡虫来降解塑料废弃物。

不过他仍呼吁,应对日益严重的白色污染,少用或者禁用一次性的塑料产品,多使用可以重复利用的产品,才是对未来和子孙后代负责的态度。

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