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中国科学家发现吃塑料虫子 能降解所有塑料

2015-11-12 15:56:31   中新网

正在吃塑料的黄粉虫

原标题:中国科学家发现吃塑料的虫子黄粉虫能吃所有塑料

“塑料在黄粉虫肠道快速生物降解,揭示了丢弃在环境中塑料废物的新命运。”北京航空航天大学杨军教授说。

塑料在环境中难以自然降解,而聚苯乙烯又是其中之最,由于高分子量和高稳定性,普遍认为微生物无法降解聚苯乙烯类塑料。2015年北京航空航天大学杨军教授研究组、深圳华大基因公司赵姣博士等在环境学科领域的权威期刊《EnvironmentalScience&Technology》上合作发表了两篇姊妹研究论文,证明了黄粉虫(面包虫)的幼虫可降解聚苯乙烯这类最难降解的塑料。

该突破性研究显示,以聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料作为唯一食源,黄粉虫幼虫可存活1个月以上,最后发育成成虫,其所啮食的聚苯乙烯被完全降解矿化为CO2或同化为虫体脂肪。这种发现为解决全球性的塑料污染问题提供了思路。

尽管如此,面对日益严重的白色塑料污染,杨军教授还是呼吁,公众在日常生活中应少使用一次性的塑料饭盒、方便袋。

困境

降解塑料成世界难题

石油化工生产的塑料废物污染是世界环境难题。大部分塑料一次性消费使用后即被丢弃。迄今为止学术界认为,塑料产品由于物理化学结构稳定、在自然环境中可能数十至数百年不会被分解。

杨军教授介绍,2013年全球消费2.99亿吨塑料,其中聚苯乙烯类塑料占7%,每年消耗约2100万吨,常见的塑料饭盒、咖啡杯等可承受开水温度的材料即为聚苯乙烯。权威的调查已经表明,聚苯乙烯这种塑料在土壤、污泥、腐烂垃圾,或粪肥微生物群落里,4个月仅降解0.01%-3%的范围。

每年全世界有4000万吨的废弃塑料在环境中积累,中国每年约有200万吨废弃塑料丢在环境里。以农田用农膜为例,我国农膜年产量达百万吨,且以每年10%的速度递增,无论覆盖何种作物,所有覆膜土壤都有残膜。据统计,我国农膜年残留量高达35万吨,残膜率达42%,大量残膜遗留在农田0-30厘米的耕作层。也就是说,有近一半的农膜残留在土壤中,食品安全方面是一个极大隐患。

“塑料在土壤中完全被微生物同化,降解成CO2和水实现无机矿化,可能需要200-400年时间,从而造成在环境中的积累。”杨军教授告诉羊城晚报记者。

奇思  

脑洞大开请虫子帮忙

2005年起,杨军团队开始研究塑料生物降解。主攻最难降解的聚苯乙烯等塑料降解。

科学家此前使用几种土壤无脊椎动物实验,如蚯蚓、千足虫、蛞蝓、蜗牛等看看其能否吃掉塑料。在饲喂14C标记的塑料如聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚乙烯(PE)和聚丙烯(PP),结果显示无法降解。

杨军认为,生物降解塑料的思路要开拓,不能只局限于微生物,可以考虑鳞翅目昆虫、白蚁等,海洋中的蛀船虫和钻孔蚌能侵蚀聚乙烯和海底电缆,也可考虑从这些生物中分离并克隆能产生活性基团的关键酶及其基因。

杨军团队的2014年研究发现,蜡虫(印度谷螟幼虫)能够咀嚼和进食聚乙烯PE薄膜,幼虫肠道分离出能够降解PE薄膜的两种菌株,即肠杆菌属YT1和芽孢杆菌YP1。随后研究团队发现,黄粉虫幼虫是一种吃掉塑料更为厉害的动物,其尺寸比蜡虫更大(通常长35毫米,宽度3毫米),其可以将泡沫塑料作为唯一食品。黄粉虫有4个生活阶段:卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫。

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