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打捞红军遗骸“骨语者”:人骨鉴定就是与生命对话

2017-09-26 03:47:21   新京报

另外,测量尺、外轮廓提取的工具、测量表和记录表,这些是常年都备好的,装了一个拉杆箱。

新京报:此次打捞红军遗骸难点在哪?

李法军:之前考虑过骨骼埋藏环境的差异。以往我们参与考古发掘,骨骼一般是在墓葬中,个体的骨骼堆叠基本上比较规律。但考虑到当时,红军是被一个个推下去,所以预判骨骼是散乱堆积的,因此当时判断,本次鉴定最大的难度在于,如何把散落的遗骸还原到每一个的个体身上,这需要很长时间。

新京报:现场实际情况,与预判出入大吗?

李法军:打捞上来的骨骼保存情况不如预想的好。去之前还不了解井底的情况,去了以后才知道井下结构和水流结构很复杂。打捞上来的遗骸骨质本身比较差,因为浸泡时间长,因此破碎严重、颜色发黑,一个相对完整的都没有,只有等稍微干了后再处理。

新京报:遗骸鉴定的过程顺利吗?

李法军:最终花费的时间要比预想的多,其中最难的地方在于遗骸是散乱的。以往来说,墓葬出土的骨骼,大部分在同一个层位,很快能找对位置。但是本次打捞出来的很多是碎片,要分辨哪些是同一个体,这方面工作很难。

实际上,由于各种条件限制,比如当地希望烈士打捞上来后,早日入土为安,出于这种原因,对遗骸没有做进一步的研究。但是从本次鉴定工作的目的来看,最重要的是确认遗骸身份和还原生前遭遇,从这一点来说,已经达到了研究目的。

“骨头上保存的信息太多了”

新京报:最终的遗骸数量如何确认?

李法军:在研究上,有一个概念叫骨骼“最小个体数”。因为现场有很多散落的骨骼,可以进行分类。比如我们发现左侧肱骨10根,右侧8根,那就说明,这堆骨骼至少来自8个个体,综合起来就可以推断出一个数字。公布出来的遗骸数量是16具以上,实际上是这样计算出来的。

总体上来说,最关键的部分就是骨骼保存的完整度。来广州之前,我曾在北方工作6年左右。南北方土壤成分不一样,导致埋藏环境有差别。北方土壤偏碱性,有利于骨骼保存;南方土壤偏酸性,加上骨头本身钙质比较多,所以在南方很难获取完整的骨骼。这就导致,在北方使用的方法,到南方就不适用。

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