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身份证将迎重大变革 大力打击盗取信息的不法分子

2017-09-25 08:52:25   东方网

带照片的证件中,驾照最为常用。但不会开车的人就不免有些麻烦,他们可以办理各州自行颁发的“州身份证”(StateID,下简称“州证”)替代。但州证的问题在于有效期短,用途不多,所以很多穷人没有办理。

实际上,没有照片证件也问题不大。除了机场安检等必须出示政府颁发的照片证件外,大多数时候人们可以用其它方式证明自己的身份,比如学生证、写有姓名住址的电费账单等等。

2012年据统计,全美选民中大约有2100万人没有任何由政府颁发的照片证件。这些人绝大多数属于既买不起车,也没有机会坐飞机的低收入阶层,尤其是大量社会底层的少数族裔。

1993年美国选民登记法规定,政府在提供日常公共服务的过程中,必须随时对接受服务的合格选民登记造册。到了选举日,选民需要首先在选民登记表上找到自己的名字。接下来,多数州要求选民以照片证件、社保卡、电费账单、银行证明、社会福利支票等任意一种方式,核对姓名后投票。

也有十几个州完全不要求任何身份证明,只需要选民在登记表的名字上打钩,签字确认相应的法律责任即可。美国的许多州都通过了新的立法,在美国总统选举时实施多项投票限制,其中就包括选民需持新的带有照片的身份证件才能够参与投票。

每一个美国公民基本上都有一个社会安全号码,这个社保号不仅适用于所有的服务项目,也是美国政府部门鉴别公民身份的最重要依据。凭着这个社保号,该社保号持有者可以走遍美国,而不需要办理各种“居住证”等证件。

美国的社保计划有一定的强制性,几乎所有人都要参加。美国的社保署将社保号与每一个公民的档案资料联系起来,形成一个庞大的数据库。绝大部分美国人从一出生就拥有了这个社保号,且一直伴随其一生。由于社保号一直不会变,因此也成了识别美国人身份的唯一证明号码。

现在,美国的银行、信托、边检、人口统计、教育、选举机构等都把社保卡当成了身份证明的最主要证件。也就是说,有了社保卡,美国穷人几乎不用再办其他证件。

美国的社会保障卡印制得相当简单,就是一张纸质卡片,其核心是一组9位数的号码。由于上面没有印制照片,因此在乘坐飞机的时候,美国人需用驾照等其他证件来证明自己的身份。

美国没有户籍制度,美国各级政府是从DMV(机动车辆处)处获得公民信息的。美国关于驾照的规定是,驾驶人员每到一个地方停留超过15天,就必须到DMV登记,否则会被视为持无效证件驾驶。

不会开车没有驾照的人可以到DMV办州身份证,其外观与驾照是一样的。

驾照(或StateID)、美国护照和社会安全号码收录和记载了公民的信息,形成比较完整的信息数据库,相当程度上解决了美国对公民信息需求的问题。[21]2001年“911”恐怖袭击事件后,美国国会通过了真实身份法案(theU.S.RealIDAct)。

日本

一直以来,日本人都没有身份证。不过,日本从2016年1月1日起正式实施个人编号制度。该制度是向每名日本居民发放一个12位的编号,以此管理收入和纳税情况等个人信息。

日本因没有身份证制度,民众需要认证身份时可以出示驾照、医保卡、住民票(写有居住地址的居民卡)等。结婚生子也无需领证,只要夫妇两人到市役所进行结婚户籍登记即可。

责任编辑:孙鑫鑫 CN066
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