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黄河变清调查:每年泥沙减少7亿吨 洪水几率增加

2017-09-25 08:15:28   瞭望

从山西保德县城出发,顺沿黄公路开行40公里,沿河两岸共32个沙场。冯家川乡冯家川村聚集着4家沙场,沙场工人冯在连说:“黄河沙是天然水洗沙,是最好的建筑沙。沙场一天可挖沙20多卡车,一车能装30吨沙。”本刊记者顺绥德县沿黄公路前行30公里,在绥德一侧看到31个沙场,对岸的山西柳林县还有27个。在山西兴县、吉县、河津等河段,也存在相同量级的沙场。同行的黄河勘测规划设计公司专家估测,每年沙场约挖走1亿吨泥沙。

黄河山西省保德县段河边的采沙场

初步估算,以上减沙因素大致每年减少入黄泥沙7.6亿多吨。至于近期气候变化对入黄泥沙增减的影响,争议巨大,没有明晰的成果。

本刊记者采访中发现,随着黄土高原产沙区大量农民外出打工或迁居城镇,导致大量坡耕地撂荒或弃种,从而引发植被自然恢复;但这一因素在测算生态建设产生的拦沙效用时,未被充分考虑。陕西绥德桥沟是一个完全自然修复的小流域,已实现“零耕种”。

20年前,20毫米每小时的降雨就会产沙,如今70毫米每小时以下的降雨都不产沙。山西兴县瓦台乡前北会村有2000多亩耕地,现在只种600多亩。山西保德县冯家川乡冯家川村有5000亩耕地,耕种的不到1000亩,一些梯田也撂荒了。

未来黄河还会来多少沙?

黄河天然年均来沙量为15.92亿吨,用1919年至2015年实测数据计算,有水文记录以来黄河实际年均来沙11.58亿吨。近年来,相关部门对今后黄河来沙趋势开展了大量研究,但结论差别巨大。

“十二五”国家科技支撑项目——“黄河水沙调控技术研究与应用”课题组对2007年至2014年黄河水沙状况研究后认为,黄河中上游主要下垫面因素年均实际减沙15.6亿~17.3亿吨,其中林草梯田等因素年均减沙12.54亿~14.11亿吨,水库淤地坝及灌溉引水增量拦沙3.2亿吨。

课题组对1956年以来黄河主要产沙区年均雨量和雨强研究后发现,研究时段均值基本相当,甚至偏丰,不仅没有减沙,大部分时间还有增沙作用。课题组测算,在多年平均降雨条件下,未来黄河潼关站来沙约在4.5亿~5亿吨。

“黄河水沙变化研究”课题组主要研究时段为2000年至2012年,认为降雨对泥沙减少贡献率为20%,生态、水利工程对泥沙减少贡献率为80%,减沙量为年均11.06亿吨。

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