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黄河变清调查:每年泥沙减少7亿吨 洪水几率增加

2017-09-25 08:15:28   瞭望

内蒙古磴口县刘拐沙头,黄河在乌兰布和沙漠边缘平静缓流(2011 年3 月摄)任军川

黄河是我国北方唯一横贯东西的巨川大河,是西北、华北的“生命之泉”。其天然径流量排在长江、珠江、松花江、淮河之后居第五位,仅为长江的6%,却以占全国河川径流量2%的有限水资源,灌溉了全国13%的粮食产量,保障了全国14%的GDP产值,养育了占全国12%人口的60多个大中城市、340个县。

也因此,黄河日渐“消瘦”,维持流域社会经济发展的功能已近极限。近日,《瞭望》新闻周刊记者调研了解到,按最新统计,黄河流域地表水开发利用率和消耗率已达86%和71%,远超黄河水资源承载能力。缺水,已是黄河面临的最大挑战。宜适时启动南水北调西线工程,以解黄河之渴。

水资源量持续减少

黄河是中国大江大河中第一个进行流域初始水权分配的河流。

早在1987年,国务院就批准了《黄河可供水量分配方案》。该方案分配基数采用的黄河天然径流量为580亿立方米。然而,最新的水资源调查显示,黄河天然径流量已不足500亿立方米。据预测,到2030年,黄河天然径流量还将减少20亿立方米。

《瞭望》新闻周刊记者采访获悉,据对气候变化趋势研究,多年来黄河流域降水量变化不大,但有三个人为因素成为黄河径流量减少的重要变量:

一是生态改善植被大面积恢复。对比20世纪70年代和2012年黄河主要产沙区林草梯田覆盖变化遥感图会发现,黄河中游广大地区,已被大片的绿色覆盖。目前黄河中游地区林草梯田覆盖率已由上个世纪70年代的20%,提高到54%,林草梯田综合覆盖率不到30%的面积已由上个世纪70年代的81%减少到3.5%。

中国科学院院士刘昌明等专家指出,植被恢复是黄河流域径流减少的重要原因。对黄河中游11个子流域研究发现,随着植被增加,蒸腾散发上升,大量可利用的呈液态、固态的水资源——蓝水被转化成以气态或分子态存在于大气和土壤中的绿水。与1980年至1999年相比,2000年至2013年蒸腾散发的绿水增加8.6%,径流减少幅度近20%。

二是水利工程增多加剧了水面蒸发。目前,黄河流域共修建蓄水工程1.9万座,其中干流已建、在建水库就达28座。水库蓄水后水面扩大,蒸发量相应增加,导致径流量减少。本刊记者在采访中还发现,在水资源紧缺的华北、西北一些城市,近年来出现大造城市景观水之风。有的城市“拦河筑坝”,把河水“圈”在城内;有的城市耗巨资“挖地造湖”引水造景。专家指出,目前这些北方城市年均蒸发量超过降雨量一倍,一些西北城市甚至超十倍。“水面大了,蒸发量必然要大,造成宝贵水资源的巨大浪费。”

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