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解放军报:美军联合特种作战司令部“特”在哪?

2017-09-21 06:02:12   中国经济网

例如,2011年击毙本·拉登的“海神之矛”行动中,美军作战指挥链由时任美国总统奥巴马和中情局局长莱昂·帕内塔居中督导,时任联合特种作战司令部司令威廉·麦克雷文海军中将坐镇指挥,以“海豹”6队为骨干的“海神”联合特遣部队一线执行。

这种用兵模式最为直接的效果,就是极大地模糊了特战行动的任务边界,使美军可充分利用国际法的“灰色地带”,对作战行动的性质进行灵活调整,一方面既能以民事行动为掩护转换特种部队身份,将部队秘密派往未经宣战的对象国执行绝密任务,从而达成“以民掩军、有效控局”的目的,把军力运用的法律负面效应降至最低,另一方面也能以软硬结合的“巧实力”理念为牵引,充分发挥军事与民事力量的“合力”优势,全面提升军力运用的效率和效果,特别是有效应对介于平时与战时、军事与民事行动之间的“灰色区间”事态。

前美国国防部长罗伯特·盖茨对“海神之矛”行动评论称:“谁该负责这次突袭行动从来不是问题。如果由国防部负责,美国政府就无法否认自身知情;如果由中情局负责,那就另当别论了。为了留有余地,至少掩盖美国政府知情,我们一致同意:时机一到,总统将授权帕内塔指挥突袭行动。国防部则会定期‘借调’部队,支援中情局行动。如此一来,这就成为一种我们熟悉的行动模式。”这种全新的用兵模式代表了“信息化混合战争”时代,美军军事力量“常态化”运用的主流趋势。

“F3EA”与“全球特种部队网络”

针对“基地”等暴恐组织全球化、跨域化和网络化的行动特点,美军联合特种作战司令部依托人力情报网和大数据等尖端信息技术手段,逐步摸索出一套以“F3EA”和“全球特种部队网络”为核心支柱的全新战法。

一是“F3EA”。通过多年战场实践,美军逐步总结出了“基地”等暴恐组织的活动规律,将其视为一个由指控中心、作战人员和通信网络构成的作战体系,并根据其活动特点,形成了一套新战法——“F3EA”(发现-锁定-完成-利用-分析)。“发现”是识别和定位目标、“锁定”是对目标实施连续监控、“完成”是捕获或击毙目标、“利用”是通过审讯俘虏等人力情报手段寻找后续目标、“分析”是分析对手行动规律和运行模式。为此,美军逐步扩大联合特种作战司令部的行动权限和活动范围,将触角扩展到了非洲、中亚和西亚等地区,全面提升了人力情报与作战力量之间的一体化融合。例如,美军联合特种作战司令部拥有一种名为“分析笔记本”的软件,能将“基地”和“伊斯兰国”高级头目现身地点的可靠数据输入电脑,逐步拼出其活动规律,锁定其大致活动区域,最终对其实施“斩首”奇袭。扎卡维在致本·拉登的一封信里,曾对其众叛亲离、风声鹤唳的处境做过一番生动的描述,这也是对美军“F3EA”功效的最好注解——“没有高山供我们逃难,没有树林供我们躲藏,我们的后背暴露在外,我们的运动遭到打击,到处都是眼睛”。

二是“全球特种部队网络”。美国国防部2013年授权特种作战司令部负责各战区特种作战司令部的人员、装备和训练等行政管理职能,从而把各战区以及盟军特种部队等全球分散部署的特战力量,整合为一个密如织网的“全球特种部队网络”,形成“一体联动”的信息共享和协同作战效果,以“合力”优势有效应对“基地”组织和“伊斯兰国”等跨区跨域威胁。在此战法指导下,美军特种部队近年来先后取得生擒“基地”组织头目阿布·阿纳斯·利比以及剿杀“伊斯兰国”重要头目阿布·萨耶夫等一系列战绩。正如前国防情报局局长迈克尔·弗林所言,“情报审讯工作、高端通信技术、有效战场行动的无缝融合……让我们比敌人行动更为迅速、手段更为残酷、反应更为灵敏,这就是我们最终的取胜之道”。

本版制图:逄忠平

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