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历经三十年的研发 艾滋病疫苗离上市还有多远?

2017-09-15 13:16:51   中国青年网

预防性疫苗研发成为减少艾滋病传播的重要希望,以至美国卫生与公共服务部在刚刚发现HIV不久,就急切地宣布将在两年内研制出艾滋病疫苗。1987年,美国国立卫生研究院启动了历史上第一个艾滋病疫苗的临床试验,卫生部官员、科学家和公众都很兴奋,大家以为很快就能等到艾滋病疫苗上市,从而消灭艾滋病。

不过之后的30年间,全球科学家们开发的艾滋病疫苗多达四十多个,在美国国立健康研究院旗下临床试验网站登记已完成的各阶段临床试验就有两百多次,全球每年用在艾滋病疫苗研发的经费超过8亿美元,但是至今仍没有一个艾滋病疫苗达到上市标准。

大多数艾滋病疫苗只是开展了早期临床试验,包括临床I或II期试验,主要测试健康人群对这些疫苗的耐受力,就像最近强生公司开展的艾滋病疫苗临床试验一样,只是证明这些疫苗具有较好的耐受性,且没有严重副作用,而疫苗是否有良好的保护效果,即有效性,则需要大规模的临床III期甚至IV期试验进行评价。

迄今为止,只有六项有效性临床试验得以完成,但是仅有一种艾滋病疫苗证明有一定保护效果。该临床试验是由美国陆军医学研究和物资司令部发起,所用疫苗为联合疫苗,由两种疫苗组成,一种是由法国赛诺菲(Sanofi-Pasteur)公司开发的ALVAC疫苗,用于初次免疫,另一种是由美国VaxGen公司研发的AIDSVAX疫苗,用于加强免疫,这两种疫苗在之前进行的独立试验中都不能有效预防HIV,研究人员希望两种疫苗的联合免疫,能产生较好的保护效果。该临床试验开始于2003年,在泰国招募了1.6万多人,结果显示在免疫一年时,试验组的RV144保护率比对照组提高60%以上,到3.5年之后,试验组的保护率只比未注射疫苗的对照组高出31%。这是迄今为止最好的艾滋病疫苗有效性临床试验结果,不过这种预防效果显然不能达到上市标准。

另一项引人瞩目的艾滋病疫苗临床试验HVTN-505,由美国国家过敏和传染病研究所于2009年发起,采用了与RV144不同的策略,即用一种复制缺陷型的重组5型腺病毒作为载体,携带多种艾滋病病毒包膜糖蛋白的抗原基因,将携带抗原基因的腺病毒载体对志愿者进行初次免疫,再用一种免疫强化剂使其在体内表达抗原,从而激活抗体产生。该临床试验主要在美国19个城市进行,招募了2504个志愿者,结果发现,注射疫苗组感染艾滋病的人数竟然比未注射的对照组要多,而且免疫并没有降低艾滋病感染者体内的病毒载量。2013年4月,该研究所宣布停止该临床试验。虽然并没有证据表明,注射这种重组DNA疫苗会使受试者感染艾滋病的风险增加,但是该疫苗没有保护效果是不争的事实。

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