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“超级显微镜”:上天入地下海的国之重器

2017-09-11 07:37:42   中国经济网

“当中子入射到样品上,与其原子核或磁矩发生相互作用,产生散射,就可以通过测量散射的中子能量和动量的变化,研究各种物质的微观结构和运动规律。”陈和生院士解释,“做一个形象的比喻,假设面前有一张看不见的网,我们不断扔出很多玻璃弹珠,有的穿网而过,有的打在网上,弹向不同角度。如果把这些弹珠的运动轨迹记录下来,就能大致推测出网的形状;如果弹珠发得够多、够密、够强,就能把这张网精确地描绘出来,甚至推断其材质”。

虽然中子如此微小,但产生强中子束的散裂中子源却是异常庞大的装置,是各种高、精、尖设备组成的整体。世界上正在运行的脉冲式散裂中子源主要有英国的 ISIS、美国的SNS和日本的J-PARC,中国的CSNS是全球第四台。

“CSNS的建设攻克了许多关键核心技术难题,设备国产化率超过96%。许多设备的研制达到国内外先进水平。”陈和生院士自豪地介绍。

如此高的国产化率是如何实现的?工程副总经理傅世年分享了设备研发中不为人知的故事,“拿加速器技术来说,与国内外大多数加速器不同,CSNS快循环同步加速器上的主磁铁真空室不能采用金属材料,必须采用陶瓷。这种大尺寸陶瓷真空室技术要求特殊,国外公司要价极高。经费有限,我们决心自己研制。科技人员同时与多个厂家合作,几年间反复多次研制,终于研发出满足设计要求的样机,得知消息后,国外公司立刻大幅降低了报价”。

天上地下显身手

5年内或开启肿瘤治疗新时代

历经10年建设,CSNS即将完工,很快开启了产业化探索的第一步。

8月11日,中科院高能物理研究所与东阳光集团签署合作协议,双方将利用散裂中子源开展硼中子俘获疗法(BNCT)项目,有望在未来5年内开启国内肿瘤治疗新时代。“BNCT是一种利用中子射线治疗肿瘤的技术,能有效杀死癌细胞而不损伤周边组织,具有安全性高、定位精确、价格相对低廉等特点。”东阳光集团董事长张中能说。

神奇中子是如何定向“引爆”癌细胞的?东阳光研究总院院长唐新发介绍,首先,给癌症患者注射一种含硼的无毒药物。由于硼与癌细胞有很强的亲和力,会迅速“潜伏”于癌细胞内。此时,利用加速器产生的中子束照射肿瘤部位,中子就会被癌细胞内的硼所俘获,并在癌细胞内释放出杀伤力极强的射线。这种射线射程很短,只有一个细胞的长度,所以它只杀死癌细胞,而周围的正常组织则不会受损。

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