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“超级高铁”时速达4000公里 “第五种交通方式”可行吗?

2017-09-06 09:00:43   中国经济网

1000公里时速以上的磁浮成熟技术还没出现

按悬浮形式,磁浮技术可分为常导与超导两类。

日本采用了基于电磁动态悬浮的低温超导磁浮技术,这一技术业已成熟,载人速度可达时速600多公里。2014年,日本开工建设世界首条最高时速达505公里的超导磁悬浮高速铁路,预期2027年建成通车。而上海430公里时速的磁浮列车,则采用了德国的常导磁浮技术,利用的是电磁吸引悬浮原理。目前全球尚未形成1000公里时速以上的磁浮成熟技术。

中车株洲电机有限公司牵引电机研发部副经理何云风介绍,根据速度,磁浮列车有高速和中低速之分。中低速磁浮列车,一般采用短定子直线感应电机牵引,如长沙磁浮列车。高速磁浮列车中,上海磁浮列车采用了长定子同步直线电机牵引,日本高速磁浮列车则采用了低温超导直线电机牵引。“国内对长定子直线电机尚未实现工程化应用,且有同步,永磁、超导等技术路线之分,国内正在开展长定子直线电机工程化研究。不过目前主要是针对400—600公里时速的直线同步电机,600公里以上的还在前期研究中。”

赵勇补充解释,所谓航天技术与磁浮技术的结合,是指将其空气动力学方面的优势,运用于高速运动的稳定性、气动设计等方面,并非简单的“航天技术+磁浮技术”。

全球磁浮技术的“星际争霸”

“高速飞行列车”为真空管道列车,实质也是“Hyperloop超级高铁”概念。千公里时速的超级高铁架构由特斯拉创始人埃隆·马斯克提出,被称为“第五种交通方式”。这一概念提出后,吸引了国际广泛关注,包括Space X、HTT、Hyperloop One等在内的大企业,均参与了研究。

对超级高铁这一前沿技术的研究,多家公司正处于一种类似“太空竞赛”般的激烈竞争中,显示出对这一可能改变世界的交通技术的极大热情。

他们看好“超级高铁”的形势,也丝毫不回避诸多技术难题。退休物理学家、超导磁悬浮概念的联合提出者詹姆士·鲍威尔曾警示,轨道误差必须非常小,如果轨道墙壁位置差之毫厘,都可能导致灾难。此外,长真空管道如何维持低压,甚至接近真空状态极为困难。

“整套系统非常脆弱,哪怕一个点失败,都可能引发灾难。”鲍威尔说。譬如,假设有人在管壁穿孔,或地震导致管道稍微移位,都可能导致乘客舱崩溃。

超级高铁成本一点也不“平民”,但没有挡住这些大企业探索的脚步。HTT正在搭建长达8公里的全球首个全尺寸Hyperloop模型,可对该交通方式的系统和技术进行全局测试和考量。这段仅8公里长的测试轨道预估需耗资1亿美元——还只是最初期测试轨道的铺设花费。

来自研发团队rLoop的莱纳德的说法看起来既务实又乐观。他说,超级高铁能在未来5年到10年成为现实已非常了不起,但在任何形式的公共使用之前,将会有大量的测试和监管问题有待解决。(记者 俞慧友)

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