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无燃油车时代真的来了吗

2017-08-10 07:11:22   中国经济网

据介绍,燃油车在欧洲有着明确的指向,主要就是指柴油车型。有数据表明,欧洲60%的汽车为柴油车,90%以上的出租车采用柴油发动机,SUV搭载柴油机的比例更是高达80%。欧洲车企在柴油发动机上拥有强大的技术实力,以大众汽车为例,其销售的1000万辆柴油轿车绝大多数集中在欧洲,仅德国的柴油轿车保有量就高达1300万辆。

当前,欧洲已成为柴油乘用车保有量最多的地区。研究发现,柴油车排放污染是导致欧洲大城市空气质量不达标的重要原因。北京市环保局机动车排放管理处处长李昆生表示,大众汽车在美国的“排放门”事件印证了这一点。

“柴油乘用车在实际运行时,氮氧化物和颗粒物远超标准限值。”李昆生指出,柴油车的排放特性决定了其排放控制装置和标定技术相对汽油车要复杂得多,而且后期维护较难、成本较高。比如,颗粒物捕集器(DPF)要定期清理、选择性催化还原系统(SCR)要定期添加尿素溶液等,这就使其理论上在实验室可以达标,但实际道路运行时很难真正达标。

国际清洁交通委员会(ICCT)与加州环保局通过试验研究还发现,轻型柴油车氮氧化物的实际排放量远远高于认证试验排放限值。早在2011年ICCT就发现,欧Ⅲ、欧Ⅳ、欧Ⅴ柴油轿车的实际排放分别是标准限值的2倍、3.2倍和4.4倍。2014年ICCT的报告指出,在欧洲地区,欧Ⅵ排放标准的柴油机实际氮氧化物平均排放水平高于标准限值7倍多。这主要是由于车辆在实际驾驶过程中,由于周围环境的复杂性使得发动机载荷随时可能发生非连续的变化。此外,柴油发动机的尾气后处理系统可能会产生尾气再生现象。

有关专家表示,正是大众汽车“排放门”事件,彻底打破了人们对于柴油车是一种动力性能优越同时又相对清洁的幻想,更坚定了欧洲各国推广新能源汽车的立场,并相继推出了一系列堪称“史上最严”的禁售、禁行令。

两条腿走路才能稳

欧洲多国宣布禁售燃油车时间表后,人们最关心的是中国这一全球最大汽车市场是否跟进?此前,有网络媒体发表《重磅!10年后中国或将停售传统燃油车!》的报道,文中以国家发改委的名义宣称:10年后,中国销售的增量新车中,将没有内燃机作为动力的传统汽车,取而代之的是纯电力的电动汽车。

但国家发改委表示,只是“原则上将不再批准新建传统燃油车企”,并没有宣布禁售燃油车之说。至于网络传言,其实源于国家发改委能源研究所研究员姜克隽在《2015中国乘用车燃料消耗量发展年度报告》媒体交流会上的预言,并不代表官方表态。

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