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科举状元到底是怎么闯关成功的?

2017-06-17 09:46:46   华西都市报

学政都是久经沙场的老学究,一旦录取了你,你就是他的门生,他决不会为一个连避讳都不懂的士子担这个风险。

通过府试后,你就是一名秀才了。考秀才难吗?

因为考试极严格,评卷由多方参与,所以清朝人何刚德在《春明梦录》中说“秀才最见真学问”。

乡试、会试为保密,只由考官参与阅卷,经常会有意外。但因文无第一,只要没大问题,其他人也挑不出来毛病。

这也是为什么清代的学者中,有人因运气不佳没中过举人、进士,但鲜有未中过秀才的原因。

第三关:乡试百个秀才只有一个通过

取得秀才资格的士子,可去省贡院参加乡试,通过者称为举人,有做官资格。

吴敬梓笔下的范进,前半生穷困潦倒,考了20多回,终于在54岁考上举人,可以当个小官,别人得管他叫官老爷,他自然激动得发疯了。

范进54岁还在参加乡试,还不算大龄考生,当时“父子同场”的现象很常见。

清代史学家王西庄,当年就曾与秀才老爸一起赶考。王西庄32岁时以“一甲第二人”的好成绩考中乾隆19年(1755)进士,后来做了大官。

秀才老爸没能通过乡试,后来还拄着拐棍继续上考场。有一个与王西庄同年入仕的督学官员劝他,这么大年纪了,何苦再参加考试。老秀才严肃地说:“大丈夫奋志科名。”

乡试3年一次,逢子、午、卯、酉年秋季举行,各省考试日期和内容由中央统一。

乡试安排在秋季,由于放榜时间在中秋前后,正值丹桂飘香,所以人们又将乡榜称为桂榜,将中举比喻为“蟾宫折桂”。

《红楼梦》第九回中,林黛玉听说贾宝玉要上学了,笑道:“这一去,可定是要蟾宫折桂去了。”意在祝福他科举得意,至少要考个举人。

明清时,乡试分3场进行。这意味着,你从点名入场到交卷出场,一共要在贡院里呆上三天两晚。虽然贡院提供热水,但食品和物品都要你自备。

你在入场前,会进行充分的准备,除文房四宝笔墨纸砚外,还要携带餐具、食品,有条件的人家还会携带炊具等。

你带着这些物品走进考场时,还要在脖子上挂一个用来装试卷的卷袋。这个布卷袋中间夹有油纸,可以防潮和防湿。你通过点名程序后,领到的答题纸就放进卷袋。进入号舍后的第一件事,是将卷袋钉到号舍的墙上高挂起来。

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