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科举状元到底是怎么闯关成功的?

2017-06-17 09:46:46   华西都市报

入学后,要识字、写字、习经史、学六艺,《三字经》《百家姓》《千字文》都是识字的课本,每学期的课程和教学进度,依学生的年龄和入学早晚而定。

字认得差不多后,你就可以跟着先生学习科举考试大纲——四书五经。这些教材上都没有标点,先生要采取领读的方式教你识文断句,在跟读的过程中背诵这些国学经典。

你将四书五经和指定注解背得滚瓜烂熟了,先生就开始给你“加餐”——教你写八股文和试帖诗。科场中的一些文体,特别是表、判、试帖诗、八股文等,虽然没有绝对的标准答案,但都有严格的格式。

以八股文为例,题目出自四书五经等原文,格式包括破题、承题、起讲、入手、起股、中股、后股和束股8个部分,其中,“起股、中股、后股、束股”的每一部分,都有对偶的两股。

行文不仅要逻辑清晰、文笔流畅,还要模仿孔孟等语气“代圣人言”,有点类似现在写议论文引用名人名言。符合基本格式,才能入得了考官的法眼,考官再根据试卷的文才与论见判定高下。

备考期间,你或许也需要一套《五年科举三年模拟》,精明的书商会想到这个赚钱的营生。他们搜集大量的八股文编成集子出售,一些偷懒的学子,买来这些“满分作文”背诵模版。

归有光是这方面的高手。《儒林外史》中的马二先生的职业就是八股选家,里面的匡超人就是靠背八股集子最后背成八股能手。

清代名医徐大椿对这种投机行为非常不满,作《道情·时文叹》极尽嘲讽之意:“读书人,最不济,烂时文,烂如泥。国家本为求才计,谁知变作了欺人计。三句承题,两句破题,摆尾摇头,便道是圣门高第。可知《三通》《四史》是何等文字,汉祖、唐宗是哪朝皇帝。案头放高头讲章,店里买新科利器。”“新科利器”,就是上一届科举考试的真题和范文。

如果你的备考时间充裕,不妨掌握一些提分小技巧。比如,你要记住本朝的讳字,哪怕用了与皇帝名字同一个韵部的字也会遭到斥退;你还要知道某些特定的格式怎么写,提到“皇帝”要抬几格;抽空练习一手蝇头小楷,后面将会遇到的会试和殿试中,一手漂亮的书法就是加分项。

第二关:童试考中童生后,才考秀才

明清时的科举选拔考试程序非常复杂,学生先要通过知县主持的县试、知府主持的府试、省学政主持的院试,才会成为一名秀才。

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