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大熊猫小种群随时可能灭绝 专家称降保护级尚早
2016-11-03 03:20:27 华商网-华商报
就佛坪国家级自然保护区而言,“三调”时区内有野生大熊猫110-130只,占秦岭大熊猫种群总数的四成以上,在佛坪保护区核心地带,平均每0.48平方公里就有一只大熊猫,野外自然分布密度和野外偶遇率居全国之首。在“四调”期间,野外调查人员在佛坪保护区收集到DNA样品166份,发现并遇到大熊猫30只,这在全国大熊猫保护区中也绝无仅有。从1978年建立保护区至今,区内原始森林生态保护完好,保护大熊猫也成为当地政府和群众的共识,有效改善了大熊猫的生存环境。据自然保护工作者和科研专家平时观测和掌握情况,在佛坪保护区活动的大熊猫估计应该在130只左右,种群数量持续稳定。
这一系列数据,印证了中国生态保护和大熊猫保护工作有力有效,秦岭大熊猫种群总体状况稳定、富有活力。
下调受威胁等级让大熊猫面临很多生存挑战
“根据‘四调’结果,大熊猫保护工作总体情况是好的,但因此就下调大熊猫的受威胁等级,我觉得有欠考虑,盲目乐观是要不得的,那会让很多潜在风险被忽略。”党高弟说。
党高弟在佛坪保护区从事大熊猫保护工作31年,他说。大熊猫成长的不同阶段都有天敌,金雕、黄鼠狼、豹猫等袭击熊猫幼崽和年老体弱者;大熊猫发情期“比武招亲”的求偶方式,导致雄性大熊猫常在争夺配偶的打斗中受伤甚至被打死;大熊猫高度特化的食竹生活习性,导致营养缺乏身体衰弱,牙齿过早磨损、机能退化;蛔虫病也是导致大熊猫死亡的主要原因之一,他们在野外抢救的27只大熊猫,每一只都有蛔虫病。加之自然隔离和人类活动,大熊猫栖息地破碎化形势严重,虽然采取架桥梁、打隧道、建涵洞、移民搬迁等方法,有效减少了大熊猫种群交流的隔离带,但仍给大熊猫的生存造成一定影响。
佛保局公众教育科主任何少文表示,大熊猫野外繁殖的低生育、低成活状况,也是面临的诸多生存挑战之一。大熊猫发情期很短,一年内雄性大熊猫约持续30-40天,雌性大熊猫能成功受孕的却只有几天,在野外环境中,雄性大熊猫要在很大范围内寻找雌性大熊猫,多只雄性大熊猫还要激烈打斗争夺交配权,体力消耗大,要很好地把握在发情期内顺利交配且成功孕育小宝宝,困难重重。秦岭大熊猫约3-4年为一个繁殖周期,一只雌性大熊猫在3岁后逐渐性成熟,一生能繁殖四次就不错了,每胎产1-2仔,如果产下两仔,雌性大熊猫常会把其中一仔遗弃,同时抚育两仔很难成活。
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