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英媒:人死后想变成化石很难 但可以人为“加大几率”

2018-03-10 07:46:03    新华网

形成化石中途失败的原因数不胜数。很多发生在地下20厘米至50厘米、土壤层或者海床表面。例如,遗体不可以被食腐动物吃掉、弄散,也不能长时间经受风吹日晒,还不能被穴居动物挖洞或到处移动。

在快速掩埋这方面,有时候自然灾害会帮上忙——比如洪灾会倾泻大量的沉积物,火山喷发时泥土和灰尘会掩埋生物。“有一个理论认为,恐龙骨床的形成过程是从干旱开始,它导致恐龙死亡。接着,洪灾带来的沉积物把恐龙掩埋起来,”比德莫尔说。

当然,人类还有一个优势,就是人的尸体通常埋在地下六英尺(火化除外)。但是,光凭这一点是不够的。

需要一点水

第一步显然就是死亡,但是死亡的地点是有讲究的。挑选一个完美的环境是关键。水是需要重点考虑的一件事。如果死亡的环境十分干燥,尸体就会被食腐动物发现和破坏,骨骼会在地面慢慢被风化。大多数专家认为,尸体要被沙土和沉淀物快速掩埋——最佳场所是湖泊、漫滩、河流或者海底。

“发掘出最好的化石的古环境往往是湖泊和河流系统,”澳大利亚布里斯班昆士兰大学的埋藏学家凯特琳·塞姆说。关键是新沉积物掩埋尸体的速度。她推荐的是从山上过来的河流,因为侵蚀作用会带来很多沉积物。另一个选择是三角洲海岸或漫滩,当河水进入海洋时,沉积物会快速堆积起来。

在理想的情况下,还需要厌氧环境:由于氧气含量非常低,腐化和干扰尸体的动物和微生物无法在此生存。

基德韦尔建议避开海床以下50厘米左右的地方。她说:“这是虾、蟹和虫子可以挖掘到的最深处,它们可能会把含氧气的水引入沉积物中,”而这可能会促使尸体分解和破碎。

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