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美国气候政策再开“倒车” 正式废除奥巴马政府推出的《清洁电力计划》

2017-10-13 06:01:53   

废除举动有可能面临司法挑战

据报道,燃煤、燃油电厂排放的二氧化碳量占到了全美排放总量的1/3。美国政府废除《清洁电力计划》的举动,招致了环保组织的激烈批评。美国著名环保组织山峦协会执行主任迈克尔·布鲁内表示,政府不仅忽视了空气污染带来的致命威胁,对气候、公众健康、美国每一个社区的安全发起极其恶劣的攻击,同时忽视了新能源行业发展创造的就业机会。

美国得克萨斯州休斯敦市市长办公室11日公布美国“气候市长”联盟当天发表的声明,呼吁采取行动,反对美国联邦政府废除《清洁电力计划》。据休斯敦市市长办公室同日发布的新闻公报,“气候市长”是由遍布全美的300多个城市的市长组成的应对气候变化联盟,致力于在地方城市推动实施《巴黎协定》,减少温室气体排放。休斯敦市市长西尔维斯特·特纳是“气候市长”的共同主席。声明指出,美国环境保护局宣布废除《清洁电力计划》将削弱美国在应对气候变化领域的国际领导力,也将损害美国人民的健康与安全。

废除《清洁电力计划》的举动,也将有可能面临诸多司法挑战。马萨诸塞州检察长莫拉·希利表示,将通过起诉来保护《清洁电力计划》免遭气候变化否定者攻击,“那些人将把我们带向倒退”。纽约州检察长埃里克·施奈德曼表示,“燃煤电厂是整个国家最大的空气污染物排放者,常识与法律都已经明确要求美国环保局对此采取行动”,“我将采取一切可能的法律手段来抵制他们的危险计划”。

此外,针对特朗普政府主张的煤炭行业松绑将保护就业一说,学者也普遍表示质疑。经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼表示,自新世纪以来,美国百货商店行业丢失的就业数量远比煤炭行业多,约是18倍。美联社则援引政府数据称,当前美国煤矿仅仅提供了5.2万个就业岗位,这个数字远远比不上风能、太阳能等可再生能源行业发展带来的就业机会。

可再生能源发展趋势难改变

据分析,未来美国政府即使出台新的温室气体排放监管方案,或主要聚焦于推动煤炭等传统能源行业提升能效,而不是转向可再生能源。根据美国环保局之前的研究,缩减版方案能够带来的改善将是有限的,对燃煤电厂的升级改造仅能带来4%的能效提升。

美国能源界认为,尽管废除《清洁电力计划》从短期看,将会减少一些煤炭大州转向可再生能源的动力,但从长期看,这个趋势难以被阻止,最关键的原因是美国可再生能源价格已经大大降低,天然气供给也越来越充足。纽约市前市长布隆伯格表示,环保局可以废除《清洁电力计划》,但无法改变经济规律。

事实上,纽约州、加利福尼亚州等多个州在推广可再生能源方面已开启行动,其步伐甚至走在了《清洁电力计划》设定的目标前面。美国荣鼎咨询的分析报告称,按照当前的可再生能源发展态势,即使特朗普政府废除了《清洁电力计划》,2030年美国温室气体排放量相比2005年也将下降27%至35%。从整体看,这同《清洁电力计划》设定的目标大致相符。

《纽约时报》报道称,阿肯色州此前加入了起诉奥巴马政府环境保护局的行列,如今其能源结构却正在逐渐摆脱煤炭。该州公共服务委员会主席泰德·托马斯表示:我们不能总是把头埋进沙子里,或者是靠打官司过日子,总有一天我们得真正拿出办法来应对现实问题。

(本报华盛顿10月12日电)

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