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最后是欧洲难民危机。自2015年起,由于战乱不断、持续动荡,加上“伊斯兰国”极端组织的猖獗活动,大量中东、北非难民源源不断地涌入欧洲。数量急剧上升的难民潮,大大超过了欧洲各国的收容能力。由于多数欧盟国家政治环境相对稳定,社会福利高,加之欧盟各国间的《申根协定》使得国与国之间的来往并不需要手续与审查,让欧盟各国成为难民首选的避难所。以德国为例,2015年接纳的难民人数为89万人,2016年有约28万名新的寻求庇护者进入德国,而2017年1月至5月底德国共接收77148宗新的难民申请。
面对危机,欧盟国家普遍没有足够的住房和基础设施保障,让各国在接收难民时存在着诸多困难,巨额的财政支出也使各国本来就复苏缓慢的经济再次遭到打击。由于宗教、文化、生活习惯等方面的差异,进入欧盟境内的难民群体很难迅速融入当地主流社会,同时因为难民的过多涌入,大量占用了欧盟国民原本的设施和福利,以及不时发生的恶性社会治安案件、恐怖袭击等,引起了很多国家国民的强烈抗议,丹麦、瑞典更是爆发了反难民冲突。上述因素加剧了难民群体与主流社会间的矛盾,使得欧盟境内多个国家的民粹势力及政党加速发展壮大,各国间由于对待难民问题所持立场不同也相互指责,产生了诸多矛盾。
欧盟如何才能挽回“民心”
从表面上看,尽管欧盟面临的诸多危机似乎更多受到外界因素干扰,但若深究其内在原因,危机的产生均与欧盟发展至今暴露出的诸多问题和漏洞,以及欧洲一体化进程遭遇的瓶颈有着密不可分的关系。一是成员国对一体化路径缺乏共识,法国主张欧元区国家进一步朝联邦化的方向发展,德国则更倾向于政府间合作主义手段,中东欧国家则希望从欧盟收回政府权能。二是欧盟的合法性更多来自其功能性作用,即欧盟民众认为其是满足公共需求最合适的机构,能够提供高效的服务。但近年来,欧盟在应对债务危机和难民危机问题上的推诿和延宕、各成员国间出于各自利益原因相互攻讦的行为,已经严重损害了欧盟在欧洲民众心中的形象,欧盟的政治危机已经逐渐演化成欧盟的“民心危机”。三是由于经济持续疲软、恐怖主义威胁加剧、难民问题持续发酵等原因,欧洲各国的民粹主义势力得到了前所未有的加强,这类势力普遍持“疑欧”立场,希望关闭边境、控制移民数量、施行贸易保护主义政策、通过直接民主还权于民,推动欧盟重回主权国家秩序。目前在不少成员国中,原本遭到主流社会抵制的民粹主义政党纷纷“登堂入室”,在各类选举中获得的席位不断增多,同时对于民众的影响力也与日俱增。
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