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这不仅让一家公司拥有太多力量,而且是反竞争和扭曲市场的,从这个意义上讲,我们所知的资本主义的基本规则正在被颠覆。在这种情形下,各方没有平等获取市场信息的机会。肯定不存在价格透明性。
我们如此随意交出的个人数据正在被全球最富有的公司(例如Facebook,今年第二季度的营业利润率达47.2%)大规模地货币化。它们差不多免费获取原材料(我们的数据),然后据此向零售商和广告商收取费用,后两者再将这些成本以某种形式转嫁到我们身上——比如,你在搜索到的小酒馆喝一杯酒时多付出的一美元。他们有“印钞许可证”,就各种各样的公司责任而言,不必承受其他行业不得不应对的诸多制约。
借用哥伦比亚大学法学院吴修铭教授的说法,与其说这些企业是创新者,不如说他们是“注意力商人”。经济学家还未就这些企业对生产率和国内生产总值增长的净效应估测出乐观数字。这些数字肯定会很高。然而,任何这样的计算都必须纳入竞争成本,因为这些公司会吞没竞争对手,以适合自己的方式重塑21世纪经济。
无论美国联邦贸易委员会现在说什么,都有越来越多的司法案件可能改变针对大型科技公司的基本规则。虽然美国的反垄断法律是基于对1890年《休曼法》的严格字面解释,但欧洲立法者走得更远。他们正试图评估当下经济生态系统中的多个主体正如何受到这些数字巨擘的影响。
我开始纳闷,我们是不是都该拥有更明确的权利——不仅控制我们的数据如何被使用,还要对这些数据创造的任何经济价值享有权益。在财富主要依托知识产权的时代,很难想象还能有什么别的数学计算逻辑。我们生活在一个狂野新世界,使用一种全新的“货币”。这个世界将需要创造性思维——经济上、法律上和政治上——以确保其不会变成一个赢家通吃的社会。
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