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印度人为何信这些满身争议的“上师”?

2017-08-31 07:00:49   新华网

路透社采访的一名农民说,有罪判决不会阻止他继续追随辛格和“真业之家”,因为辛格改变了他的人生:“我过去天天喝酒,和老婆打架,花很多钱治病。我家里人都说我现在完全改头换面了,我们的生活恢复了安宁。”

在“真业之家”,辛格给贫苦的信众提供免费医疗和教育,放映歌颂他自己的《神的使者》系列电影,售卖他创办的“神的使者”品牌食品。在获罪之前,印度最有名的板球运动明星会专程前来“朝拜”,媒体记者每天在大门外等着他出现,他的每次演讲都能吸引数万听众。

“穷苦人想要逃避现实的路径,这些上师就提供了这类路径。他们给人安慰和希望,”那纳克·德夫上师大学教授苏克德夫·辛格·索哈尔说。他估计,在印度拉贾斯坦邦、旁遮普邦和哈里亚纳邦,有250万人追随各种“上师”。

印度占主流的印度教并没有严格的宗教组织结构,因此无需“官方认定”、各种自称为“神的使者”的“上师”层出不穷。在锡克教徒占主流的北部几个邦也很受欢迎,如旁遮普邦和哈里亚纳邦。这些“上师”领导的各种“精神修炼”团体游离于主流宗教派别之外,《印度时报》一篇报道曾形容它们是“制度化宗教的穷表亲”。

“上师”往往扮演慈善家角色:他们给信众开设免费食堂、诊所、学校等设施,填补印度中央及地方政府往往疏于提供的公共服务空缺。

在等级森严的种姓制度下,低种姓穷人从“上师”那里得到一种安慰:他们也可以通过追随“上师”,得到更好的生活。有分析指出,“上师”信众中不乏受过良好教育和富有阶层人士,在面对经济、社会快速变革的当今印度,“上师”给这些人带来某种集体感和生活目标。

  【“上师”的“粉丝”经济和“粉丝”政治】

新一代的“上师”如辛格,更加高调,更加富有,也更具煽动力。除了强奸罪,辛格被指控曾鼓动多达400名男信徒“自宫”,其“洗脑”功力可见一斑。

还有一些“上师”身上的争议不像辛格这么多,但影响力有过之而无不及。

比如,巴巴·拉姆德夫是现任总理纳伦德拉·莫迪的好友。他开创的日用品品牌在印度十分红火。斯里·斯里·拉维·尚卡尔则在富人当中相当受推崇,从印度红到了北美洲。

这些人在民众当中的号召力远超一般政客,后者不但无心去压制,更乐于借重这种能量去帮自己争取选票。过去执政的国民大会党、现在掌权的人民党在近年多次选举中都曾得到辛格“粉丝”支持。

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