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同时,美国也是世界第二大能源消费国,2016年天然气产量为7492亿立方米,消费量却为7786亿立方米,其天然气产量尚未能满足国内消费需求,产能更无法在短时间内实现大规模出口。而且从保持供应稳定性的角度看,管道气的风险要小于LNG。就价格来说,俄欧天然气长约与油价挂钩,随着2014年的国际油价暴跌,俄管道气的价格也大幅下降,俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司输欧管道气的价格在2012年高点达385.1美元/1000立方米,但到2015年已降至245.6美元/1000立方米,以页岩气为主的美国LNG现货价格和短期合同价格面对俄欧长约合同并无竞争力。
最后,即便俄罗斯因制裁而让出了部分欧洲市场份额,美国还面临着其他国家的激烈竞争。欧洲天然气市场除俄罗斯外,荷兰与挪威的管道气占比也超过三分之一,欧洲自身具备一定的调节能力。此外,由于页岩气革命,原本出口北美市场的中东和北非的LNG项目也开始陆续转向欧洲,因此市场出现的空缺会被迅速填补而归于平衡。所以,美国LNG在欧洲并无优势,继续推进北溪2号管道项目符合西欧国家的利益,德国等国是断然不会在美国的制裁下放弃的。
就长期来看,美国此次对俄制裁会推进欧洲天然气市场定价方式向市场化发展。欧洲大陆的天然气市场传统定价机制将天然气与可替代能源的价格挂钩,无法充分反映市场上的供求关系,管道气与LNG长约合同更多体现的是合同双方的议价能力。美国制裁俄罗斯,一方面会促使欧洲减少对俄罗斯能源的依赖,推进欧洲能源多元化进程;另一方面,美国向欧洲出口LNG,将会加速欧洲 LNG现货和短期贸易的发展,使欧洲天然气定价纳入更多市场因素,更加准确地反映天然气市场的供求变化,优化资源配置,乃至进一步推动欧洲与北美两个区域性国际天然气市场的统一。(作者刘麒系香港中华能源基金会国际中心学术研究部副主任)
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