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亚洲将“未富先老”吗?或许没那么糟

2017-08-12 07:56:57   新华网

然而,并不是所有经济学家都将老龄化视为现代社会的主要负面因素。在澳新银行今年6月的一份报告里,首席经济学家理查德·耶特森加指出,人口老龄化“并不一定导致经济增长放缓或长期停滞……在过去几十年里,一系列因素共同导致了许多经济体经济增长的下降趋势。在我看来,人口只是其中最不值得担忧的一个因素”。

耶特森加认为,首先,人口预测可能出现偏差,就像上世纪70年代美国出生率的下降,完全与此前的预测相反。其次,人口趋势“并不是静态的,且极为敏感”。比如,得益于女性经济学影响,日本现在的女性就业率比美国更高。随着逾3亿额外雇员进入亚洲劳动力市场,政策制定者的重新推动可能创造出第二次“人口红利”。

“即使在最先进的老龄化社会,技术创新仍可以推动经济增长”,耶特森加指出。根据世界经合组织的报告,人口老龄化的国家很可能处于引进机器人的最前沿……那里往往资金充足、廉价劳动力稀缺,技术能够填补这项空白,并推动更高的经济增长。

耶特森加建议,政府项目可以帮助员工进行再培训。比如新加坡的“技术未来”计划,向培训者提供专业教育课程。据了解,年长的员工更倾向于信息技术方面的课程,这说明这些培训项目可以帮助成熟员工更好地适应日益变化的劳动力市场,并延长他们的职业生涯。

教育也被视为老龄化社会潜在的“救星”。在澳大利亚等国,年轻人群劳动参与率的下降承载着人们的“一线希望”。因为在那里,年轻人群全日制教育的参与率创历史新高,达52%。“这是另一个人口变化可控的提醒”,耶特森加说,高收入、高技能员工的消费情况,可以抵消人口下降造成的部分影响。

最后,移民被视为另一种潜在解决办法。因为最近的研究表明,一个人收入多少很大程度是由他生活在哪里所决定。除了提高劳动力数量,移民还能增加一国人口中年轻人群所占比例。正如最近人们所见,日本新增的外籍员工比日本普通劳动力群体更为年轻。“日本移民数量的适量增加,如果在2020—2029年间维持在千分之四的水平,那么,到2060年新出生婴儿数可能将提高6%”,耶特森加说。

亚太国家如澳大利亚、新西兰和新加坡等,已不仅仅将移民作为一种代替人力的方法,同时也想借此为关乎国家未来的战略性行业注入新思想和专业知识。例如,移民群体正在帮助新加坡提高在航天、生物医学、数字动画等领域的创新能力。 (安峥 编译)

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