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人民日报:欧洲一体化为何受阻?

2016-12-25 03:10:31   

事实上,这些国家的问题放在代议制框架内处理都可能不会脱离传统轨迹,原因是代议制从本质上说是精英政治,它可以用“多数人”的名义否决多数人。聪明的政治家应该明白这一点,但有些政客有自己的想法,以为任何难题只要交给“人民”去解决,他就可以不负责任。近年来欧洲的种种怪相从根本上说都与此有关,作为原则的“多数人的统治”与代议制的精英运作不相吻合。

欧盟问题也同样如此。欧盟是精英的设计,按照流行理论,它是一种“进步的超越民族的国家”。可是,欧洲联合的最早设计者当初并不乏现实考虑,除了耳熟能详的法德关系问题,还有一个更大的时代背景,就是第二次世界大战造就了两个新的超级大国,以前主宰世界的西欧列强都被边缘化了,于是这些国家不得不一方面防范苏联,另一方面尽可能对美国保持独立。为此,欧洲联合是唯一的出路。如此的深谋远虑是很难说出口的,于是“超越民族的国家”就成为一个动听的说辞。可是精英们的盘算对民众来说过于深奥了,一旦他们感觉到“超越民族的国家”触犯了他们日常生活中能够理解的利益,“回返民族国家”就成为滚滚暗流,反移民、反一体化、反精英、反欧盟的倾向就是在这股暗流中兴起的。英国脱欧是民间暗流的决堤,如果欧盟各国都举行是否“脱欧”或是否解散欧盟的公投,结果很可能不乐观。

理念与现实的分离在更多方面表现出来,比如多元文化主义。多元文化主义主张文化认同高于国家认同,按照理论阐释,这也是“进步”。但是,西欧一些主要大国比如英、法、德在执行了一段时间多元文化主义后,便纷纷宣布停止执行这种政策,称其最终会导致民族国家瓦解。不仅具有不同文化背景的国民可能因此而不认同国家,就连主流文化对“异质”文化的巨大排斥力也会因此被刺激。在现实中,无数民众表达出对“异质”文化的排斥心理,其力量之大令人咂舌。欧洲的政治精英们在这个问题上只好睁一只眼闭一只眼,他们描绘的一个“多元”欧洲看来还很遥远。亚里士多德设想的多种力量“混合”,又一次未能达成平衡。

(作者为北京大学历史系教授)

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