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研究发现人类“戴绿帽子”的比例约为1%

2016-04-24 21:18:04   

拉姆索博士和同事们分别比对了各家系中符合上述亲缘关系的在世男性的染色体,并计算出了这些家系中的绿帽子比率不足1%。在西班牙、意大利和德国以及马里的农村进行的类似研究得出了绿帽子比例同样很低的结论。

科学家们又尝试了不同的策略,也得到了相同的结果。这一次,他们研究了比利时的法兰德斯地区,因为此地有许多人是16世纪晚期法国移民的后裔。

研究人员发现,冠有法国姓氏的法兰德斯男性与至今仍生活在他们法国故乡的男性,Y染色体上带有相同的遗传标记。而如果在这数百年来中曾出现过大量绿帽子的话,同一姓氏的男性之间的遗传学关联必然会有所削弱,乃至完全消失。

拉姆索博士及其同事在《生态学和演化学趋势》杂志(Trends in Ecology and Evolution)上发表评论文章指出,我们早就该抛弃“绿帽子现象非常普遍”这种陈腐观念了。依托各种方法在不同的文化背景下进行的多项研究都发现:绿帽子的比率约为1%。

而且,由于其中很多研究都建立在可追溯许多世代的家系的基础之上,拉姆索博士认为,这种绿帽子比例很低的状况少说已经持续了几个世纪之久。

密歇根大学(University of Michigan)的人类学家贝弗利·I·施特拉斯曼(Beverly I. Strassmann)收集了马里的亲子关系数据,她也赞同“戴绿帽子现象非常普遍”只是“一则颇具生命力的都市传奇(urban legend)而已。”

她指出,除了基因研究,还有其他可以证明绿帽子比例很低的证据。在一雌多雄交配的物种中,演化压力会促使雄性以一种有利于竞争授精的策略来制造精子。例如,雄性可能会产生大量的精子,而且绝大部分都具有很强的游动能力。

但人类的精子在这方面并不见长。

“人类精子的质量低得令人惊讶,”施特拉斯曼说。“有一半精子是‘哑弹’;要么两个头,要么在各种各样的方面存在缺陷。”

只有一种情况会令男性演化出如此“没用”的精子,她补充道,那就是长期以来存在高比例的戴绿帽子现象。

拉姆索博士承认,在某些文化中,赠人绿帽子确实挺常见的。例如,某些南美部落就是这样,因为他们相信女子与多名男性性交可以促进胎儿的形成。

但拉姆索博士非常怀疑这些不过是人类当中的一些特例,并非什么约定俗成的普世规则。他说,由于我们特有的生物学特性,人类一直在朝着避免戴绿帽子的方向演化。

与其他动物的新生儿相比,人类的婴儿在出生时极其虚弱无能,有很长时间都依靠他人供给大量食物才能获得脑部发育所需的巨大能量。这就意味着母亲需要父亲来帮助寻找食物。

“婴儿的成长需要父亲的巨大投入,”拉姆索博士说,“父亲们肯定得非常确定孩子是自己的骨肉,才会愿意为他们如此付出。”

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