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研究发现人类“戴绿帽子”的比例约为1%

2016-04-24 21:18:04   

每周五天,电视上都会播出《父性法庭》(“Paternity Court”)节目,每期节目都邀请了一些围绕孩子是否父亲亲生而陷入纠纷的夫妇们来做嘉宾,这也是该节目的最大特色。其实,这个娱乐节目的主题一点也不新鲜:在很久以前的文学作品中,就有涉及无法确定的亲子关系的情节。甚至连莎士比亚和乔叟(Chaucer)也曾拿被戴了绿帽子的男人们开玩笑。

这样的文化氛围很容易让人误以为此类事情司空见惯。但近期的一些遗传学研究对该观念提出了挑战。研究人员发现,我们对那些头顶绿油油的男人们的执迷实在是太夸张了些。

“绝对太荒谬了,”新研究的主要负责人、比利时鲁汶大学(University of Leuven)的遗传学家马尔滕·H·D·拉姆索(Maarten H.D. Larmuseau)说。

“戴绿帽”一词的传统含义是指妻子与人私通,不过,拉姆索博士和同事们主要研究的是私通且生下孩子的案例,科学家们通常礼貌地称之为“婚外父权(extra-pair paternity)”。

在20世纪以前,想要证明某一特定男子是某一特定孩子的生父非常困难。

1304年,一个英国人向法院提出,他怀疑妻子生下的孩子不是自己的,因为那孩子是在他出国的三年期间出生的。尽管这位丈夫的质疑具有如此明显的逻辑基础,但法院还是驳回了他的异议。

法官裁定:“外人无法知悉并确定丈夫与妻子之间的私密。”

不过,现代生物学还是慢慢地揭开了这一谜题的神秘面纱。20世纪初,研究人员发现,人群中存在着多种血型,且血型可以遗传。

在1943年的一场官司中,查理·卓别林(Charlie Chaplin)依靠血型检测结果证明了自己并非女演员琼·巴里(Joan Barry)所生孩子的父亲(但法院拒绝接受这一证据,并强迫卓别林支付孩子的抚养费)。

直到20世纪90年代DNA测序技术出现后,亲子鉴定才赢得了司法体系的认可。实验室的技术人员将孩子与那些据称是父亲的男人们的DNA标记加以比对,通过观察它们的匹配程度确定亲子关系。

随着此类实验室检测进行得越来越多,研究人员在整理结果后得出了一个惊人的结论:在前来接受测试的男性中,有10%到30%都不是他们孩子的生父。

这些数字广为传播,已至白纸黑字地写在了许多科学书籍当中。但这些实验数据是有问题的,拉姆索博士说,因为它们并非来自人群的随机样本。会去做亲子鉴定的,肯定是那些已经对孩子的身世产生了怀疑的人。

于是,拉姆索博士和其他科学家设计了别的方法来公正地研究绿帽子。

在2013年的一项研究中,拉姆索博士和他的同事利用比利时详细的出生记录重建了可以追溯四个世纪之久的庞大家族谱系(简称“家系”)。然后,科学家们寻访到了家系中目前仍在世的男性后裔,并要求对其Y染色体进行测序。

Y染色体为男性特有,总是由父亲遗传给儿子。因此,在某一家系中,可以沿着父子关系链追溯到同一男性祖先的所有男性应该拥有几乎完全相同(考虑到可能会有遗传突变)的Y染色体。反之,则必有某人的生父另有其人,以致令其他的Y染色体进入该家系并遗传下来。

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