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专访院士许智宏:对十三五期间转基因大豆和玉米产业化有信心

2017-09-17 09:31:38   中国青年网

当时也有专家提出用转基因技术培育速生、优质、抗干旱盐碱的树木品种。在森林生态和林业生产方面,“十二五”期间,中国商品木材总需求达到了3.6亿立方米,木材对外依存度已达43%左右。在这方面,抗旱耐盐的速生转基因杨树,已在进行田间试验。今年终于把几种重要的木本植物的转基因研究列入了转基因重大专项。

澎湃新闻: 那转基因棉花和番木瓜推广的时候也是经过了很长的时间吗?

许智宏: 那个时候也是情境所迫吧。上世纪80年代我国棉区遭受棉铃虫的严重危害,棉花严重减产,一些地方甚至绝收。棉花是我国农田中使用农药最多的作物,根据棉区当时的信息,由于连年大量使用农药,棉铃虫抗性增强,据说甚至把棉铃虫浸在农药中都不死。当时全球一年农药的贸易量约为200亿美元,而中国棉田每年农药及其施用的费用就有约2.4亿美元!

解决棉铃虫的问题,也是解棉当时种棉农民的当务之急。上世纪90年代初国家高技术发展计划(“863计划”)就设了转基因抗虫棉课题,虽然我们比美国晚了几年,但我们中国科学家没几年就研发出来了,开始推广中国自己的品种。那时美国孟山都来中国华北地区推广他们的转基因棉花,但在后来,中国科学家自主研发的抗虫棉打破了美国的垄断地位,这也促使美国公司逐步退出中国的抗虫棉市场,而转向印度。

客观上,我国棉区很大,各地气候、土壤等环境有很大差异,大作物很难由一两个品种包打天下,而必须在短期内培育出一批适于各地的抗虫品种,做这方面的工作,中国有优势。我国转基因棉花新品种的培育,从2008年到2015年,已育成转基因新品种147个,累计推广4亿亩,占国内市场份额95%。抗虫棉的推广减少农药用量达40万吨。印度因为没有自己的转基因棉花,现在印度的抗虫棉基本上用的是美国抗虫棉,棉花种子的费用就高了。所以,中国如果当年自己不做这方面的研发,那么抗虫棉的市场也就早被国外公司占领了。

番木瓜环斑病毒最早是在夏威夷发现的,是严重危害番木瓜的病害,上世纪后期几乎摧毁了全球不少地区的番木瓜产业。我国华南地区从上世纪60年代中期即发现此病危害,随疫情加重(发病率增加可达90%以上),同样导致产量大幅减低、品质下降。美国研发的抗病毒转基因番木瓜在1998年获得安全认证,並迅速推广种植。由于病毒的株系不同,美国的转基因番木瓜对华南、台湾地区的病毒不具抗性。我国华南农大研发的抗病毒转基因番木瓜在2006年获得安全证书,随后也迅速推广种植,拯救了我国的番木瓜产业。

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