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火烧沟遗址缘何41年等不来发掘报告——关注考古发掘报告滞后积压之困

2017-08-31 09:41:15   新华网

除了其中挖掘出土的权杖头被公认为史前东西方文化交流的重要见证物引起学术关注外,挖掘中发现的齐头和缝的金耳环更是引起学界震动。“这是我国目前发现最早的黄金制品,这对于学界关注的冶金技术的传入与发展课题来说,具有重要的学术价值和意义。”南京大学历史学院教授水涛说。

2009年,火烧沟遗址被中华文化遗产协会评为我国最具中华文明意义的100项考古发现之一。

2.发掘报告为何“难产”

“文物的价值需要主动去揭示认识。发掘报告严重滞后,无法对出土文物及相关遗址给予正确和及时的认知,不利于保护和研究,也不利于考古资料的宣传展示利用。”北京大学考古文博学院教授陈建立解释说。

在考古界,火烧沟遗址的“遭遇”并非个例。多种原因造成的考古发掘报告积压滞后问题较为普遍和严重,也因此才有了已故的著名考古学者、故宫博物院前院长张忠培那句流传甚广的名言:“考古不写报告,等于花钱买破坏,比盗墓贼还坏。”

但考古毕竟是一个和时间打交道的特殊行业,快慢都有风险。中国科学院考古研究所研究员朱延平举了20世纪90年代举世瞩目的内蒙古敖汉旗大甸子遗址发掘项目的例子。他介绍说,该发掘项目虽然在发掘结束13年后就出版了报告,但由于当时各种条件限制,难以将遗址800多座墓葬的全部资料一一发表,目前面临着重新编纂报告的问题。然而,由于人事变动等,重新编纂困难重重。

考古发掘报告滞后积压问题要正视,不过也要具体问题具体分析,这是考古界不少专家学者的共识。陈建立就认为:“田野发掘工作看似简单、时间短,其实后期资料整理是一个系统工程,利用多学科的方法从零散的发掘资料中提炼出应有的规律,这需要时间。”朱延平也指出:“如果一部报告只是要求对每个遗迹和遗物做到有图、有照片、有文字描述,貌似客观,却无异于照葫芦画瓢,不得要领。”

此外,他认为各地省级考古所研究人员短缺也是导致发掘报告滞后的一大原因。“一般省级考古所只有十几个人的调查队伍,而像甘肃等文物大省负责的田野考古调查和发掘项目又比较多,这样留给资料整理、报告撰写的时间就不够充足。”

“早年文物发掘之后,整理经费往往不足,也限制了资料整理和发掘报告的工作。经费不足就没法实现发掘报告短期内出版。好在近些年国家文物局大力增强了对考古经费的支持和管理,情况已有明显改观。”水涛说。

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