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探月之后 出征火星--专访中国月球探测工程首任首席科学家欧阳自远院士

2017-08-24 09:00:28   新华网

火星土壤里有很多红色赤铁矿,由于地表气压低、风速大,火星表面经常出现台风,区域性沙尘暴有时引起全球性红色沙尘暴,使火星看起来像红色星球。研究发现,火星北半球曾存在干涸的巨大海盆,很早以前应该有河流和湖泊,后来由于某种原因,有些水逃逸进入太空,有些水转入地下。

“通过改造火星,把这些地下水引出来,让火星变成像地球一样生机勃勃的蓝色星球。”欧阳自远说。

  人类要建“火星基地”,什么样的机器人能完成任务?

在欧阳自远看来,为人类移民火星发挥实质性作用的,可能是一批基于强人工智能的机器人。

人工智能已广泛应用于探月工程。中国的月球着陆器在软着陆月面时,拍摄了4700多张照片,通过分析这些照片,着陆器自主选择能让“四条腿”安全着陆的区域。“月球表面坑坑洼洼,着陆区附近有数万个撞击坑,将照片传回地球、再由地面发指令传回月球车,有明显时间延迟,就得依靠人工智能。”欧阳自远说。

他认为,深空探测中人工智能的应用目前仍处在基于计算机视觉、语音识别、自然语言处理、机器学习等弱人工智能的阶段。而在改造火星、建造火星基地的过程中,强人工智能机器人将是一股非常强大的力量。

由于相距遥远,火星探测器与地球的交流需要15-20分钟。如在火星探测器上配备强人工智能技术,机器人可以协助航天员完成一系列操作和实验,还可通过初步勘探,发现最有价值的观测点,辅助航天员决策。

在改造火星初期,人类将在火星上建起密闭式“火星基地”。“火星表面气压低、寒冷,人要穿很重的航天服工作,呼吸、行动、体能都是问题,必须依靠强人工智能机器人,完成原料制造、设备搬运、基地建设、基地密闭舱环境调控等复杂任务。”欧阳自远说。

  中美探测计划两条路径,中国的“天地协作”优势在哪?

据欧阳自远介绍,中国开展火星探测的可行性论证与探月工程几乎同步。中国首次火星探测任务于2016年4月正式立项,计划在2020年实现火星轨道器环绕探测和火星车软着陆巡视探测。美国火星探测计划借助“好奇号”火星车将配有高精度仪器的实验室搬到火星。中国火星探测计划则是火星轨道器+火星车的“天地组合”协同工作。

欧阳自远解释“天地组合”,即火星轨道器在“天上”围绕火星运行,通过环绕遥感探测,对火星表面和大气进行综合性调查,包括火星大气层成分与结构、全球形貌、土壤分布、表面物质成分、岩石类型、地质构造、内部结构、地下水的全球分布、火星表面环境变化和火星磁场特征等。而火星车通过软着陆巡视探测,可获得着陆区气象特征、地形地貌、火星地质构造、表面岩石类型、土壤种类和地下水分布等巡视探测数据,为火星资源环境研究提供基础性资料。

完成第一次火星探测任务后,中国还将发射火星探测器,在火星表面着陆后钻孔取样,取得火星岩心样品,再把样品装入返回舱,从火星表面起飞,将样品带回地球,进行系统分析,深化人类对火星成因和演化历史的认识。

探月工程提升了中国深空探测整体实力,培养了一批经验丰富的专家。中国已瞄准更远的深空。

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