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三问青海火星模拟基地:“中国最像火星的地方”

2017-08-18 07:47:52   央广网

我国首个火星模拟基地项目将落户青海省海西州大柴旦红崖地区,这里拥有典型的雅丹地貌群,其独特的地形地貌、自然风光、气候条件使之成为专家眼中“中国最像火星的地方”。

近日,我国首个火星模拟基地项目将落户青海的消息,引来各界关注。据报道,该基地将集科学传播、旅游观光、体验休闲、科学实验于一体。当地主管部门表示,希望将其打造成我国首个火星文化创意体验基地。

为什么要建火星模拟基地?这将对火星研究及深空探测带来哪些影响?科技日报记者采访了相关领域专家,对此进行了详细解读。

为什么建在青海

项目所在地——青海省海西州大柴旦红崖地区,在专家眼中是“中国最像火星的地方”。记者了解到,该地区在地貌、地质和物质成分等方面都有类似于火星的特征。比如主要地貌为荒漠,植被覆盖很少;地质上分布着河流、湖泊干涸的沉积物;物质成分中有大量氯化物、硫酸盐等水流蒸发后的残留物等。

中科院国家天文台研究员郑永春向科技日报记者介绍,这些特征有助于开展火星和地球的环境对比研究,根据对地球环境演变的认识,通过反推,可以了解火星过去的样子。他说,该地区以前的盐湖干涸后留下了许多盐类沉积,这和火星上水流干之后盐类的沉积过程是相似的。科学家可以研究这些盐类在什么条件下形成,通过盐类沉积过程推断过去水的盐度、当时的环境温度。还可以根据流水作用的遗迹,推断火星上曾经的水流情况。

为什么要建火星模拟实验舱

如果说这种野外模拟实验场是用天然形成的类火星景观呈现火星的“外表”,那么科研人员建造的火星模拟实验舱,则能模拟出更多看不见的“内在”。郑永春说,火星的大气压力约是地球的1%,大气成分约96%是二氧化碳;平均温度最高约为20摄氏度,最低晚上可以达到零下100摄氏度,火星上的太阳光照强度比地球上更弱。这些环境条件都可以在舱内模拟出来,以此开展实验。例如从野外模拟实验场采集盐类样品,放到模拟火星环境下进行结晶实验,看看火星的盐类结晶顺序跟地球上有何异同。还可以开展微生物生存实验等。

记者了解到,山东大学威海分校空间科学研究院行星科学团队,就利用火星环境模拟系统,在含氧氯化物相变特征与光谱原位表征方面取得重要进展。该研究为火星表面物质遥感、就位光谱的解译、深入研究火星表面高氯酸盐的起源新机理奠定了基础。

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