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走进最早的“紫禁城” 发现“最早的中国”

2017-08-12 13:07:02   新华网

正值盛夏,二里头遗址发掘工地暂时回填,地面上的玉米已经开始拔节,长出一人多高。谁也不曾想,这块3500多年前留下的无字地书,让三代考古人,历经58年持续发掘、不断破译。

“多数考古大发现出于偶然,比如秦始皇陵、郑州商城,但偃师二里头是个例外。”中国社会科学院考古研究所夏商周考古研究室主任、二里头工作队队长许宏说。1959年,徐旭生在豫西调查“夏墟”时,在偃师二里头村的麦田里看到随处可见的陶片,且遗址颇为广大,他推测这里可能有一处古代都邑的遗址。

当年秋天,中国社会科学院考古研究所(当时隶属中国科学院)的小分队进驻二里头。

58年来,中国三代考古工作者对二里头遗址进行了持续不断的考古发掘。二里头遗址犹如一个体量巨大又深不可测的宝库,历经数十次发掘而屡有重大发现。

“二里头是一个不断改写中国之最的地方!”许宏津津乐道于一个又一个牵动人心的发现。

二里头宫殿区东边的大路,上个世纪70年代曾钻探出100多米,因麦田浇水中断,一放就是几十年。1999年,许宏扛起了二里头考古工作队的大旗,拿起前辈记录,他“发掘”到了这条线索,继续追探。

听到一个老乡抱怨他家地里的麦子一直长不好,许宏很兴奋,“这很有可能是沉埋地下的大型基址夯土引起渗水不畅导致的!”一钻探,居然发现了宫殿区北边的大道。

“中国最早的十字路口”被发现了!随后,考古队追探出“井”字形大道,发现中国最早的城市主干道网,大路最宽处几达20米,相当于现代公路四车道。

就这样,串糖葫芦似的有了一系列新发现,原本星星点点的遗迹分布图上,画上井字形大道、宫城城圈后,这座3500多年前的大型都邑的布局清晰起来。

这是一座精密、复杂又繁华的大都城——坐落于古伊洛河北岸的高地,中心区是坐南朝北、中轴对称的宫殿建筑群,由宫城城墙围起,虽然面积只有明清紫禁城的七分之一,却是后世3000多年中国古代宫城的鼻祖。

四周是井字形大路,宫殿院内地面下埋有一节一节陶质水管组装连接起来的下水道系统,这大概是中国最早的“海绵城市”吧。

北面是祭祀区,南边有一个被墙垣围起、由重兵把守的官营手工业作坊区,这里是王国的“高科技产业基地”,里面有中国最早的铸造青铜礼器的作坊和生产绿松石器的作坊。

“二里头遗址是一处精心规划、庞大有序、布局严整的大型都邑。许多制度层面的建树史无前例,代表中国古代政治文明发达程度的宫廷礼制已经形成,对于探索中国文明的渊源具有重大的标尺性意义。”许宏说,“这里就是‘最早的中国’。”

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