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盐源青铜枝形器6A型C:658
与枝形器形态类似的,又同样发现于西南地区的汉代的摇钱树跟它总体形态比较接近,而这些摇钱树有非常明确的西王母形象。青铜摇钱树树枝(整树亦如此)与盐源青铜枝形器存在许多一致性特点:1、都是树形器; 2、无论树形还是树枝对称布局; 3、主要人物(女神)居中;4、存在与主要人物对应的对兽形象;5、日轮变换为类似铜钱的图案,但是圆形铜钱边缘残留有表现太阳的光芒线条;6、同为古人思想、精神层面的具象呈现。
成都青白江区摇钱树树枝
专家指出,既然汉代的摇钱树上的西王母是确定的话,可以向前推断到枝行器上的人物和双马形象,再寻根溯源将西王母的形象追溯到天山康家石门子岩画上来。而盐源青铜枝形器则是中国西南地区汉魏时期风行一时的西王母主题青铜摇钱树来源,天山康家石门子岩画女神崇拜文化是这一文化交流现象的源头。因而,天山康家石门子岩画有可能是中国西王母文化的起源地。
再来看看《山海经》中首次对于西王母形象的描述:“玉山,是西王母所居也。西王母其状如人,豹尾、虎齿而善啸,蓬发戴胜,是司天之厉及五残。”“西王母梯几而戴胜。其南有三青鸟,为西王母取食。在昆仑墟北。”“西海之南,流沙之滨,赤水之后,黑水之前,有大山,名曰昆仑之丘。有神人面、虎身,有文有尾,皆白,处之。其下有弱水之渊环之;其外有炎火之山,投物辄燃。有人,戴胜,虎齿,豹尾,穴处,名曰西王母。此山万物尽有。”在这里,皆以西王母为主神。
周穆王见西王母 汉画像石 山东嘉祥出土(资料图)
周穆王西游访西王母于昆仑,这是西王母信仰发展中的一件大事。《穆天子传》这样记载,“吉日甲子。天子宾于西王母〔西王母如人,虎齿,蓬发戴胜,善啸。《纪年》“穆王十七年西征,至昆仑丘,见西王母。其年来见,宾于昭宫”〕。乃执白圭玄璧,以见西王母〔执贽者,致敬也〕好献锦组百纯,□组三百纯〔纯,匹端名也。《周礼》曰“纯帛不过五两”。组,缓属。音祖〕西王母再拜受之。”
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