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拯救“天下黄河第一弯”:超载过牧草场沙化

2017-06-26 01:37:16   经济参考报

宗文杰介绍,作为一个以藏族聚居为主的纯牧区,自上世纪90年代以来,玛曲县的人口由最初的3万人增加至现在的5.7万人,其中牧民群众超过4万人,占比超过70%。随着人口增加,当地牧民为了尽早脱贫致富,只能大量地养牛养羊,造成严重的超载过牧。“超载过牧必然带来草场退化,随之鼠害猖獗也就在所难免了。”宗文杰颇为无奈,既要增加农牧民收入尽早奔小康,又要做到草畜平衡,这样的双重目标在现有条件下显然难以兼顾实现。

“广大牧民群众的收入主要靠增加牲畜,以增加出栏量来增加他们的收入。”宗文杰解释说,“如果要想做到草畜平衡,也就是控制各类牲畜在50万头只以内,那么牧民群众的生产、生活及收入肯定受到很大影响,到2020年就难以与全国一道全面建成小康社会。”

局部治理 整体恶化

为了解决当地发展中存在的生态日益恶化问题,2011年以来,国家在玛曲落实了草原生态保护补助奖励政策,引导林场职工和牧民群众自觉执行减畜计划,自觉保护草原资源。但由于补助资金过低,收效甚微。对此,宗文杰建议国家加大禁牧和草畜平衡等补助资金力度,让牧民群众真正减畜,进而保护草场草原,达到草畜平衡。

“现在的补助标准是,禁牧草场每亩国家每年补助20元,草畜平衡草场补助是每亩每年2.18元。”宗文杰说,国家在2011年确定的禁牧草场面积占玛曲总草场面积的20%,剩余80%则是草畜平衡草场。

由于玛曲县沙化面积过大,其自身缺乏大规模、大面积进行综合治沙的能力与资金,宗文杰建议,在“十三五”期间,国家加大对玛曲县草原沙化治理资金投入和项目扶持,以更好地保护黄河上游的生态平衡,进而才能更好地维系黄河中下游地区经济发展命脉。

“从专业治理的角度来讲,要想全面治理好沙化和退化的草原、草场,至少需要10亿元以上的项目和资金。”宗文杰说,但从2013年到目前,在玛曲投入的治沙资金仅有1亿多元,无法大规模、大面积地开展综合治理。

“虽然从2012年开始,《甘南黄河重要水源补给生态功能区生态保护与建设规划》将玛曲沙化草原治理列入治理范围,但由于投资小,很难达到连片治理的效果。”宗文杰介绍,“所以目前治理的速度远远赶不上退化的速度。玛曲沙化草原治理眼下正处于局部治理、整体恶化的趋势。”

沙化土地治理不仅需要大量的资金作为保障,更需要有专业技术知识的人才作为基础。“虽然我们近几年和许多大专院校及科研部门做了治沙试验,但他们的试验项目结束后难以续存。”宗文杰说,要治理玛曲的沙化土地需要玛曲本土的专业人才,但在这方面人才奇缺,造成许多治理成果难以应用推广。“希望国家和甘肃省能在人才培训和人才培养方面给我们更多的优惠政策,让更多的治沙人才扎根于此、治理家园。”

玛曲县提供的统计数据显示,黄河干流从青海省流入玛曲时的流量为38.9亿立方米,出境时达到147亿立方米,黄河水量在全长433公里长的玛曲段流量增加108.1亿立方米,占黄河源区总径流量184.13亿立方米的58.7%。黄河玛曲段对黄河水源特殊的涵养作用由此可见一斑,玛曲草原也因此被称为黄河上游的“蓄水池”和“高原水塔”,对保障整个黄河生态安全具有不可替代的特殊意义。

“对我来说,将来的日子要是能像儿时一样有花可看,有蝴蝶可等,那就堪称‘小确幸’了。”阳光下,在玛曲县西秤河林场,正在和同事一道植树种草的藏族职工才让扎西憧憬明天,满怀期许。

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