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拯救“天下黄河第一弯”:超载过牧草场沙化

2017-06-26 01:37:16   经济参考报

目前玛曲境内的沙丘分布,已从原来斑点状分布的半固定、半沙漠逐步向集中连片全沙化和流动沙丘演变。宗文杰介绍,全县黄河沿岸已出现36处大型沙化点,沙丘高达12米至15米,并出现了典型的沙生动物和植物,如蜥蜴、沙蓬等。从1994年以来,当地沙化年均增长率为3.1%,每年增长沙丘面积为3000多亩(2平方公里),黄河沿岸已出现220公里的沙化带,占县境内黄河总长433公里的一半以上。

“沙化导致黄河沿岸塌方、水土流失日益严重,塌方最宽处达到1000多米,大大增加了黄河的泥沙量。”宗文杰说,泥沙量增加导致黄河河床逐年抬高,黄河被迫频繁改道。“黄河河床裸露以及严重的风蚀和鼠害推土成丘构成新的沙化,每逢冬春多风季节,黄河沿岸遍地沙丘滚滚,沙土被卷高达百米,扬沙波及数十公里,形成沙尘或沙尘暴天气。”

草原退化和草场沙化带来的恶果显而易见。“天然草原青干草均产量由上世纪80年代的每亩300多公斤下降到现在的200公斤左右。”宗文杰用统计数据来说明当地生态的嬗变:目前在玛曲全县,鼠虫害面积已达300多万亩,“黑土滩”面积、也就是快要沙化的土地达到70多万亩,并呈逐年扩大趋势,进一步诱发了草场的大面积退化和沙化。

超载过牧 鼠害猖獗

作为当地的草原治理专家,宗文杰自1989年从甘肃农业大学草业科学专业毕业后,就一直在玛曲工作,致力于草场沙化问题研究与技术治理恢复。在他看来,当地沙化原因主要是由三个方面造成的。

“沙化的主要原因首先是玛曲的沙源丰富。县境内433公里的黄河总长本身就携带大量沙源;其次是玛曲当地风沙太大。8级以上的大风天气每年要刮77天左右,在风蚀的作用下,一旦地表草场出现退化、沙化,就会形成沙丘。”宗文杰介绍,虽然自然原因不容忽视,但造成玛曲草场及湿地不断退化、生态恶化更为重要的原因是人为因素。

“主要的人为因素还是牲畜的超载过牧问题。”宗文杰说,在上世纪五六十年代,玛曲以牦牛、绵羊为主的各类牲畜只有50万头只,对当地草场来说已基本饱和。“但随着经济社会的快速发展,玛曲的各类牲畜目前已多达152万头只以上,超载了三倍多。牲畜的超载过牧,造成草场的退化,草场退化后又引起鼠害、虫害等各种灾害逐年加剧。”

《经济参考报》记者在沙化业已严重的河曲马场看到,千疮百孔的草原已不复美丽。大大小小的鼠洞虫穴星罗棋布、杂乱相交,不时有肆无忌惮的高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠钻来钻去,旁若无人。

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