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国家能源局原局长:希望有企业站出来说不要补贴

2017-05-06 20:21:21   

由于大庆油田的发现,中国在1963年从原油进口国变成了原油可以自给,还可以有少量出口换汇。但这只维持了30年,1993年中国又成为原油进口国,且进口量逐年增加,2016年进口了3.8亿吨。对外依存度达到65.2%。

这些变化概括起来,就是石油生产的中心在西移,石油消费的中心在东移。美国页岩油气的开发,成为能源重塑世界格局最好的诠释。可再生能源受到前所未有的重视,这和两个因素密切相关,第一是气候变暖已逐渐成为共识,减少温室气体排放成为全球潮流;第二是2014年前油价、煤价、天然气价格的上涨,人类开始担心有朝一日化石能源面临枯竭,所以太阳能、风能、水能得到了重视。

 2013年中国煤炭消费已达峰值

不可否认存在利益集团,不同行业的看法和诉求不同,搞煤炭的不容易同意“去煤化”的提法,更多强调煤电是可以清洁利用的,指责可再生能源不可调节的缺点。不同行业在谁是雾霾元凶的看法上也有分歧。不可否认的是,“去煤化”已经成为政策主流,煤炭行业对此应该有清醒认识。

煤炭在中国经济发展过程中发挥过重要的作用,煤炭工人做出过巨大的贡献。但煤炭在我国能源结构中占比太高,至今以煤为原料的火电装机还超过70%,燃煤发电量占比高达65.2%。煤炭消费量占到全世界近一半,年消费从2000年的12亿吨增加到2016年的37亿吨。而核电发电占比只有3%,风电也是3%左右。

过去计划经济时代作规划时常常使用弹性系数来测算。能源消费的增长一般是GDP增速乘以0.8的弹性系数,剩下的0.2是考虑到技术进步,节能带来的消费减少。按照这样的增速,能源消费只会一年比一年高,再过几年就到了40亿吨。如果到不了40亿吨,有人就会认为保证不了GDP的增长。但我不这么看,我认为2013年煤炭消费37亿吨已经达到了峰值,目前这个数字已经连续3年下降,今后会不会上去呢?可能性不大。煤炭一半用在发电,另外一半用在钢铁、水泥、化工、散煤等,钢铁都在去产能,所以不但没有增量,说不定还有减量。可以大胆预测,煤炭消费已经到了峰值。

 特朗普能源观的一些认知误区

传统共和党代表大财团利益,政策倾向于支持传统的石油煤炭,特朗普竞选时就声称要退出巴黎气候变化公约,强调解决煤炭工人的就业问题,传统的煤炭生产州成为特朗普的主要票仓。他还在竞选中贬低新能源,取消了奥巴马的清洁能源法案。

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