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新华社刊文:四个原因导致聂树斌案改判

2016-12-02 19:16:25   

原标题:聂树斌案警示了什么

王敏远

首先应当明确的是,发生于20多年前的聂树斌案,是一个应当纠正的冤错案件!最高人民法院第二巡回法庭通过审判监督程序(刑事再审)对本案进行了公正的审判!这一公正的审判对聂树斌而言当然是迟到的正义,但毕竟,正义还是来到了,对此,应予肯定;更重要的是,这对于我国当下的法治发展,将产生积极的推动。

确定聂树斌案为冤错,“真凶再现”是缘由,但是,如果将目光仅仅局限于“真凶”王书金的出现,纠结于通过审判确定王书金是真正的凶手,不仅难以纠错,而且,很可能会引出新的冤错。因此,我们对于本案的纠错,需要关注更多的方面。

对于聂树斌案的纠错来说,更重要的关注点是原判究竟错在何处,是否能够通过再审予以确定。经过再审,可以发现,原判依据的物证等“客观性”证据十分可疑;原判所依据的供述,则完全不合情理办案机关对其的最初审讯记录到底去了哪里,是不合情理的原因之一。

诸如此类的问题被揭示,是聂树斌案再审并纠错的理由。然而,我们应当看到,这不是聂树斌案再审并纠错的全部原因。

聂树斌案件得以再审并纠错,原因甚多,主要包括四个方面。第一个方面的原因,是党的十八大以来,党中央全面推进依法治国战略部署,高度重视冤假错案的纠正和防范。第二个方面的原因,是社会普遍且持续的关注,这其中,既有其亲属的不懈努力,也有法律界、新闻界、学术界的诸多努力。第三个方面的原因,是人们司法观念的进步,这其中,既有对冤错案件认识的不断提升,更有对纠错价值的重新认识。第四个方面的原因,是本轮司法改革所带来的契机。本轮司法改革在中央主导下正在广泛推行,其中,有诸多对聂树斌案件得以再审并纠错有重要影响的举措。例如,最高人民法院巡回法庭的设置,使地方难以纠错的案件由最高法院的巡回法庭通过公正的司法程序予以纠正;又如,疑罪从无观念的确立,这虽然主要是为了预防新的冤错案件的发生,但对于纠正冤错案件,也有重要的积极作用。

我们现在分析聂树斌案纠错的缘由、理由及其原因,不是为了打“马后炮”,而是为了给今后其他类似案件的纠错提供“样本”,向预防再次发生类似冤错提出要求。

就其他类似冤错案件的纠错来说,聂树斌案的再审及纠错所提供的“样本”,既有实体方面的价值,如,纠正冤错案件并不完全需要借助于“死者复活”“真凶再现”,即使不能认定本案另有真凶,但若原判建立在物证等实物证据十分可疑、供述等言词证据难以置信的基础之上,案件中存在不能排除另有真凶等重大疑问的情况,也应纠错。另外,聂树斌案的再审及纠错所提供的“样本”,也有程序方面的意义。聂树斌案通过异地复查、再审,由律师全面介入,并充分阅卷,这些程序方面的特殊做法,可以成为今后其他类似案件纠错的范例,甚至可以考虑成为刑事再审程序完善的重要依据。

就预防再次发生冤错案件来说,聂树斌案的再审,通过揭示原审存在的问题,尤其是侦查、审查起诉等程序中存在的问题,无疑具有积极意义。虽然现在的办案环境、办案条件与聂树斌案期间已有重大差异,但聂树斌案的教训仍然具有现实意义,由此,可以提出一系列预防冤错的要求。首先,预防冤错案件应从源头着手,努力提高侦查水平和能力,侦查人员应当严格按照法定程序办案,以避免产生冤错案件。同时,司法机关应切实肩负起法定职责,发挥对侦查的有效制约作用。此外,还应当强化刑事诉讼中的人权保障,尤其是强化刑事辩护权的保障。设想一下,如果聂树斌当初从侦查阶段就能够得到强有力的刑事辩护律师的有效帮助,冤错案件发生的可能性,还有多少?(作者为中国社会科学院法学研究所研究员)

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