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新华社三问大闸蟹遭二恶英污染:是否有害健康?

2016-11-08 13:39:13   新华网

为何出现超限?怀疑环境积累、饲料带入两大因素

专家表示,由于在环境中浓度较低,正常情况下摄入二恶英对人体造成突发急性影响的可能性几乎没有。迄今为止,还没有人类因二恶英类中毒致死报告,也没有人类确定因二恶英类暴露致癌的报告。

针对此次超限,目前污染源还很难确定。中科院生态环境研究中心环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室常务副主任郑明辉认为,一般污染有两种可能性:其一是可能来自水体环境本身,水体、颗粒物、水草通过食物链传导,慢慢富集到大闸蟹体内。此前,纽约市卫生局就根据当地污染物监测数据,对当地特定水域中的野生鱼、虾、蟹提出食用限制建议,其中也提到螃蟹的腺体(包括蟹膏和蟹黄),但并不包括养殖鱼类。

其二是可能来自于人工养殖饲料。由于螃蟹的生命周期很短,所以来自饲料的可能性也比较大。从全球范围来看,饲料遇二恶英污染的事件也时有发生。

“防范二恶英是源头控制,不能高剂量暴露,想要‘零暴露’在这个星球上不现实。”郑明辉表示,我国二恶英类排放源量多面广,污染源排放的二恶英在环境介质中不断积累且浓度上升。

郑明辉认为,我国二恶英减排应遵循全过程控制、协同控制、技术先进性、技术适用性原则。既要从源头削减、过程控制和末端治理全过程控制二恶英生成和排放,还要充分发挥二恶英污染防治与常规污染物削减控制的协同性,将其与节能减排、推行清洁生产、淘汰落后产能等统筹推进。

标准是否缺失?已有检测方法,尚无限量标准

根据江苏检验检疫局的通报,今年以来对2家涉事企业曾开展23批次47个检测项目335项次检测,检测结果均为合格,符合香港的检验检疫要求。

但这并不表明,相关部门在对大闸蟹的提前监控中,包括了对二恶英的检测。事实上,记者采访了解到,虽然我国已经建立起了二恶英的检测方法和规程标准,即GB5009.205-2013《食品安全国家标准食品中二恶英及其类似物毒性当量的测定》,但并未制定二恶英在食品、饲料中的限量标准。

“如果要制定食品中的限量标准,要考虑操作层面的挑战。二恶英的检测费用相对较高,如果泛泛地在食品中设立了标准,很可能导致钱都放在检测费上,也不一定产生最优效用。”郑明辉说。

专家认为,关键还是要加强源头污染的控制和有害地的筛查。相关部门已针对我国二恶英排放源进行了清单式的研究,并就钢铁生产、有色金属冶炼、废弃物焚烧等污染源进行源头治理。

在国内提供二恶英检测的SGS通标标准技术服务有限公司农产食品部技术经理张红梅介绍,目前欧盟、中国台湾等多地区都就饲料,以及鱼和鱼类相关产品二恶英制定了限量标准,公司每年都会接到不少出口企业的检测需求。对饲料的限量要求应尽快提上日程,这是从源头控制风险的一个方面。

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