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中国首枚大推力运载火箭“胖五”新亮点全揭秘(图)

2016-11-03 22:27:46   央广网

李东:举个例子,我明天去爬山了,你要带干粮,你带两种干粮,一种铁罐头,一种是大面包,你选择中间要吃的话,优先把铁罐头吃掉,重的东西先吃掉,可以轻装前进,轻的东西留在后面。所以火箭的设计就是密度大的推力大的一定用在基础级,优先使用完把它分离掉,性能高的、质量轻的尽量往后留。

大火箭也带来了大的难题。李东介绍,从最基本的研制思路上,长征五号就与过去截然不同。

李东:历史上中国的火箭都是先有需求,然后再搞运载火箭,就是我要发射一个什么样的卫星或者什么的载荷,需要什么样的火箭再研制,全世界都是这种模式,就是说一个萝卜一个坑,“长五”是中国第一个,不以特定载荷为目标研制的,就是瞄准了国家进步入空间的能力,未来需求是什么样的火箭。

长征五号的难度大还体现在设计量大,技术革新比例大。以往长征火箭使用零部件最多几万个,而长征五号使用零部件达十几万个,设计量是以往火箭的3.5倍以上。全箭采用了247项核心关键新技术,新技术比例几乎达到100%,核心技术具有完全自主知识产权。而国际上研制新型火箭,包括卫星飞船,采用新技术比例一般不超过30%。新技术比例为何这么高?李东解释:考虑过能不能用原来的成熟技术。火箭要大的发动机必须大,直径必须粗。同样3.35米直径把火箭做长,长到一定程度我也可以装同样的(吨级),但火箭太细长,会带来控制方面的绝对难题。要跨越式发展,决定了必须要用全新的技术,要面临这么多难题。

虽然新技术多,难度大,不过“胖五”也是最“靠谱”的,火箭的设计可靠性最高。国内现役火箭设计可靠性最高的是0.97,而长征五号达到了0.98。从3.35米到5米的距离,长征五号从上世纪80年代走向了现在,上万航天人参与研制。未来,“大火箭”也担负着更大的使命。国防科工局国家航天局系统工程司副司长赵坚:

火箭工程安排3次飞行任务,明年下半年将执行第三次发射,将进行嫦娥五号月球采样返回任务。之后还将采用CZ5-B,更大的空间容纳我们空间站的核心舱,这个完了还将执行5次左右空间站的舱段的发射任务,为空间站建设提供强大动力。之后中国首次火星探测飞行器将使用长五的火箭在2020年发射。

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