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中国首枚大推力运载火箭“胖五”新亮点全揭秘(图)

2016-11-03 22:27:46   央广网

原标题:解密我国首枚大推力运载火箭“胖五”新亮点

央广网海南11月3日消息(孙利、马喆、吴媚苗、李瑞)我国目前研制芯级直径最大、运载能力最大的长征五号火箭在中国文昌航天发射场成功首飞,未来将肩负中国载人空间站、探月工程三期以及火星探测等重大发射任务。长征五号运载火箭有何特点?采用了哪些新技术?

直径最大,高壮威武,长征五号运载火箭因其特殊体型而拥有着一个特别的称号“胖五”。“胖五”体型大,芯级直径达5米,而目前我国现役火箭直径最大的只有3.35米。总长约57米,相当于20层楼高。它“力气”还大,与国际主流大型运载火箭相当,具备近地轨道25吨、地球同步转移轨道14吨的运载能力。

长征五号首飞任务发射场区指挥部总指挥长王珏:“长五”意味着我们国家一下子把原来从长四系列以前的,所谓前期的运载能力提高2.5倍,比长7的话提高接近1倍的,大幅跃升我们国家进步空间的能力。从运载能力到它的性能来讲是全面超越欧洲和日本,比现在的欧洲阿里安5和日本的H2-B火箭大型火箭都要先进。”

作为我国运载能力最强的一型火箭,长征五号的起飞推力达到了1060吨。这一推力主要是由4枚助推器上安装8台120吨级液氧煤油发动机提供的。长征五号身上的这颗“大心脏”,是我国“最大推力的液氧煤油发动机”。120吨液氧煤油发动机的威力有多大?有人曾经做过一个类比,它的压强可以把上海黄浦江的水打到5000米高度的青藏高原。

王珏:它指的是它的那个涡轮泵的泵的增压能力,泵的增压能力从几个压力能够增加到将近500个压力,500个压力相当于咱们把海平面把水压力以后,水柱的高度能够升到5000米以上,所以相当于青藏高原的高度,主要指的是它增压的能力,因为它需要维持高压燃烧这样一个环境。

从长征五号的整体动力看,四枚助推器采用液氧煤油发动机,芯级搭配的是液氢液氧发动机。为什么这样设置?长征五号运载火箭总设计师李东用出门远行带干粮做出了比喻,解释了两种发动机搭配的合理性,也就是既利用液氢液氧高比冲、密度小、质量轻的特点,同时利用液氧煤油推力大、质量大的特点。

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