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突发病抢救超48小时死亡不认定工伤?专家回应

2016-10-10 11:03:27   法制日报 作者:陈磊

“自此,48小时的规定正式建立并沿用至今。”姜颖向《法制日报》记者表示。

姜颖认为,《工伤保险条例》之所以规定48小时的限制,主要原因在于突发疾病与工伤的本质有一定的差异。如果职工在48小时之内经抢救无效死亡的,就认为其疾病发生与工作有一定的因果关系,视同工伤处理;如果超过48小时就认为其疾病发生与工作不具有因果关系,不能视同工伤处理。这样规定既能在一定程度上照顾和保护到职工,同时也比较简单易行,便于实际操作。

曾深度参与2010年《工伤保险条例》修改的北京义联劳动法援助与研究中心主任黄乐平告诉《法制日报》记者,按照这一规定,如不存在意外伤害因素,在工作时间、工作地点发病,并直接进入到救治阶段,在48小时之内没有死亡但之后死亡的话,肯定不能认定为工伤。

《工伤保险条例》实施后,2007年3月8日,国务院法制办曾就《工伤保险条例》落实和执行情况召开会议,听取各方意见,黄乐平作为律师代表出席。会上,他反复提到了“48小时”条款带来的伦理困境。

黄乐平解释了这种伦理困境:是否认定为视同工伤,对于职工的直系亲属与用人单位来说利益重大,而且完全是逆向的。用人单位为了不让患病职工认定为视同工伤,完全可以使职工的抢救过程拖过48小时;而对突发疾病的职工的直系亲属来说,为了让患病职工认定为视同工伤,可能选择在发病48小时内放弃治疗。

张军认为:“这样的政策规定,给了工亡职工家属一个残酷的选题,即或者坚持治疗,失去工伤待遇,或者放弃治疗,保有工伤待遇。而无论如何选择,对工亡职工家属都是一种伤害。”

未来应增加实质认定标准

在实践中,人社部也注意到了相关问题,曾转发一个典型案例以平息争议。

吉林省吉林市卫计委科员孙某在单位参加会议期间突发疾病,经抢救于4天后宣布临床死亡。当地人社部门以抢救时间超过48小时为由作出不予工伤认定的判决。家属不服提起行政诉讼,最终维持人社局不予认定工伤(亡)决定书。

人社部特别说明,虽然家属和医院的人道诉求是正当的,但工伤认定的判断不能突破法律、法规规定。

姜颖认为,从立法思路和方式上看,仅以48小时作为是否视同工伤的界定标准,未免过于形式化和简单化,而未将突发疾病与工作原因这一工伤本质结合起来,做实质方面的判断。事实上,仅以48小时作为标准,缺乏实质方面的判断标准,难以得到职工和家属的认同,也在社会上引起很大的争议。

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